Student knowledge gains among first-time and repeat attendees of school-based asthma education program.

BACKGROUND: Because children spend much of their time in schools, schools can play an important role in asthma education for the one in 12 affected children in the United States. School-based asthma education programs are commonly repeated annually, however few studies have evaluated the impact of repeated participation in asthma education in school-based programs. METHODS: This observational study evaluated the impact of Fight Asthma Now© (FAN), a school-based asthma education program for children in Illinois schools. Participants completed a survey at the start and end of the program, including demographics, prior asthma education, and 11 asthma knowledge questions (maximum knowledge score = 11). RESULTS: Among 4,951 youth participating in the school-based asthma education program, mean age was 10.75 years. Approximately half were male and Black. Over half reported no prior asthma education (54.6%). At baseline, repeat attendees had significantly higher knowledge versus first-time attendees (mean: 7.45 versus 5.92; p < 0.001). After the program, both first-time and repeat attendees had significant knowledge improvements (first-time: mean = 5.92◊9.32; p < 0.001; repeat: mean = 7.45◊9.62; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: School-based asthma education is effective for increasing asthma knowledge. Notably, repeated asthma education in school leads to incremental benefits for knowledge. Future studies are needed to understand the effects of repeated asthma education on morbidity.

The Relationship Between Insufficient Vision and Technology Access and Use Among Hospitalized Adults at an Urban Academic Hospital: Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: The role of sufficient vision in self-management is salient with respect to the growing prevalence of eHealth-based interventions for chronic diseases. However, the relationship between insufficient vision and self-management has been understudied. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess differences in access to and use of technology among adults with and without insufficient vision at an academic urban hospital. METHODS: This is an observational study of hospitalized adult general medicine patients that is part of a larger quality improvement study called the hospitalist study. The hospitalist study provided demographic and health literacy data (Brief Health Literacy Screen). Our substudy included several measures. Validated surveys assessed technology access and use, and included benchmarked questions from the National Pew Survey to determine access to, willingness to use, and self-described ability to use technology at home, particularly for self-management, and eHealth-specific questions assessing future willingness to access eHealth post discharge. The eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) was used to assess eHealth literacy. Visual acuity was assessed using the Snellen pocket eye chart with low vision defined as visual acuity ≤20/50 in at least one eye. Descriptive statistics, bivariate chi-square analyses, and multivariate logistic regressions (adjusted for age, race, gender, education level, and eHealth literacy) were performed using Stata. RESULTS: A total of 59 participants completed our substudy. The mean age was 54 (SD 16.4) years. Demographic data from the hospitalist study was missing for several participants. Among those who responded, most identified as Black (n=34, 79%) and female (n=26, 57%), and most reported at least some college education (n=30, 67%). Most participants owned technology devices (n=57, 97%) and had previously used the internet (n=52, 86%), with no significant differences between those with insufficient and sufficient vision (n=34 vs n=25). Though there was a 2x effect size for laptop ownership, with those with sufficient vision more likely to own a laptop, those with insufficient vision versus sufficient vision were less likely to report an ability to perform online tasks without assistance, including using a search engine (n=22, 65% vs n=23, 92%; P=.02), opening an attachment (n=17, 50% vs n=22, 88%; P=.002), and using an online video (n=20, 59% vs n=22, 88%; P=.01). In multivariate analysis, the ability to independently open an online attachment did not remain statistically significant (P=.01). CONCLUSIONS: Technology device ownership and internet use rates are high in this population, yet participants with insufficient vision (vs sufficient vision) reported a reduced ability to independently perform online tasks. To ensure the effective use of eHealth technologies by at-risk populations, the relationship between vision and technology use needs to be further studied.

Assessing Disparities in Video-Telehealth Use and eHealth Literacy Among Hospitalized Patients: Cross-sectional Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Medicare coverage for audio-only telehealth is slated to end this year after the public health emergency concludes. When the time comes, many patients may be unable to make the transition from audio-only to video telehealth due to digital inexperience. This study explores the second digital divide within video telehealth use, which is primarily characterized by skills and capabilities rather than access, by measuring eHealth literacy (eHL) and video capabilities in hospitalized patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate video capabilities, eHealth literacy, and engagement with video telehealth among hospitalized patients. METHODS: The study design is a cross-sectional observational study of adult inpatients at the University of Chicago Medical Center. We assessed self-reported rates of audio versus video telehealth usage as well as the participants' self-reported willingness to use video telehealth for future health care visits. We used a multivariable binary logistic regression to determine the odds ratio for being unwilling to use video telehealth, adjusted for age, sex, race or ethnicity, educational level, eHL literacy scale (eHEALS), health literacy (brief health literacy screen), technology access, internet access, and video capability. RESULTS: Of the 297 enrolled participants, median age was 58 years, most (n=185, 62%) identified as Black, half (n=149, 50%) were female, one-quarter (n=66, 22%) lacked home internet access, and one-third (n=102, 34%) had inadequate eHL. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with low eHL reported greater participation in audio-only telehealth over video telehealth, of which the former may lose its flexible pandemic reimbursement policy. This may widen the existing health disparities as older adults and patients with low eHL face challenges in accessing video telehealth services. Low eHL is associated with lack of web-based skills, lower rates of video telehealth usage, and lower willingness to use video technology. The study results raise the question of how to improve video capability among patients who, despite having access to smartphones and laptops, face challenges in using telehealth optimally.

Validity of the Childhood Asthma Control Test in diverse populations: A systematic review.

PURPOSE: We examined the validity of the Childhood Asthma Control Test (C-ACT) and identified recommended thresholds for uncontrolled asthma in children from varying backgrounds. METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed utilizing PubMed, Ovid Medline, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and conference proceedings. Studies were included if they enrolled children, had a primary outcome of asthma control, examined test validity or psychometrics, and utilized the C-ACT. Along with study design and demographic data, we extracted all outcomes and comparisons used to validate the C-ACT. We evaluated risk of bias using the COSMIN Risk of Bias tool. Our protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020211119). RESULTS: Of 4924 records screened, 28 studies were included. Studies were conducted internationally and published between 2007 and 2018. Average number of enrolled participants was 193 (SD = 155, range = 22-671). Ten studies calculated Cronbach's α (mean [SD] = 0.78(0.05), range = 0.677-0.83). Thirteen studies recommended cut-offs for uncontrolled asthma (≤18-≤24). Nine studies found significant agreement or correlation between C-ACT and Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines/physician assessment of asthma control (correlation coefficients range = 0.219-0.65). Correlation coefficients between C-ACT and spirometry were <0.6 in five of six studies that included spirometry. Kappa values for C-ACT and various spirometry measurements ranged 0.00-0.34. CONCLUSIONS: The C-ACT showed good internal consistency and mixed levels of agreement and correlation with various clinical asthma measures. Recommended cut-offs for asthma control varied and had no consistent relationship with nationality, race, ethnicity, or language. Few studies examined cross-cultural validity and multiple populations remain under-studied.

Airway Sensory Nerve Density Is Increased in Chronic Cough.

Rationale: Chronic cough is characterized by frequent urges to cough and a heightened sensitivity to inhaled irritants. Airway sensory nerves trigger cough. We hypothesized that sensory nerve density is increased in chronic cough, which may contribute to excessive and persistent coughing.Objectives: To measure airway nerve density (axonal length) and complexity (nerve branching, neuropeptide expression) in humans with and without chronic cough.Methods: Bronchoscopic human airway biopsies were immunolabeled for nerves and the sensory neuropeptide substance P. Eosinophil peroxidase was also quantified given previous reports showing associations between eosinophils and nerve density. Three-dimensional image z-stacks of epithelium and subepithelium were generated using confocal microscopy, and from these z-stacks, total nerve length, the number of nerve branch points, substance P expression, and eosinophil peroxidase were quantified within each airway compartment.Measurements and Main Results: Nerve length and the number of branch points were significantly increased in epithelium, but not subepithelium, in chronic cough compared with healthy airways. Substance P expression was scarce and was similar in chronic cough and healthy airways. Nerve length and branching were not associated with eosinophil peroxidase nor with demographics such as age and sex in either group.Conclusions: Airway epithelial sensory nerve density is increased in chronic cough, suggesting sensory neuroplasticity contributes to cough hypersensitivity.