A contemporary chemical entities infiltrating in the antimalarial therapy era: a comprehensive review.

Malaria, a life-threatening disease, is caused by parasitic single-celled microorganisms. It is specifically transmitted by the anopheles female mosquito of the Plasmodium family. There are a lot of drugs available in the market to treat this life-challenging disease. Chloroquine, a cheaper molecule that is available worldwide, is one of them. Drug resistance has been observed with chloroquine as well as with some other quinine derivatives and with artemisinin derivatives in the southeast region of Asia in countries like Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Vietnam country since 1957. After 1970, the drug resistance has been further increased and it has been expanded in several localities of India. Also, antimalarial agents, particularly chloroquine, have so many side effects such as nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, appetite loss, deprivation of hearing, skin color change, baldness, reduced body weight, and seizures. Furthermore, this drug cannot be given to pregnant women. Hence, it is the right time to design and develop newer antimalarial agents so that this kind of drug resistance, as well as side effects of the drugs, can be overcome.

Development and Validation of HPLC Analytical Method for Chlorantraniliprole in Bulk and in the Formulation.

BACKGROUND: Chlorantraniliprole is widely used as a pesticide. It is only soluble in dimethyl formamide. However, most of the reported methods used acetonitrile and other solvents. AIM: To develop rapid, accurate, precise, and sensitive HPLC method for chlorantraniliprole. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 10 µG/mL of chlorantraniliprole containing solution was injected into the HPLC system and run in different solvent systems. 10 µG/mL solutions of chlorantraniprole was injected in a column with 20 µL microsyringe. The chromatogram was run for appropriate minutes with mobile phase water. The flow rate was set to 1 mL/min and detection was carried out at wavelength 270 nm. The method is validated by measuring the limit of quantitation, limit of detection, repeatability, intraday precision, inter-day precision, and accuracy. Analysis of marketed formulation, bringle, and tomato for chlorantraniprole content was also made for the developed analytical method. RESULTS: There was linearity of chlorantraniliprole for calibration curve in between 1 and 5 µG/mL concentration. The perfect sharp peak observed in water at a retention time of 6.28 min. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation were 0.0050 µG/mL and 0.0152 µG/mL, respectively. The study reported 99.55% repeatability, 99.49% intraday precision, 99.65% interday precision, and 99.27% accuracy. CONCLUSION: The rapid, accurate, precise, and sensitive HPLC method for the detection of chlorantraniliprole using dimethyl formamide was developed.

Local infiltration of the surgical wound with levobupivacaine, ibuprofen, and epinephrine in postoperative pain: An experimental study.

The body areas from where sutures are removed later, where wound healing is delayed. Epidural analgesia is the most effective method but could not be used for postoperative pain. Peripheral nerve blockers also provided excellent analgesia but are not effective in postoperative pain. Infiltration of the surgical wound with local anesthetics is decreased postoperative pain by inhibiting transmission of noxious impulses at the site. The objective of the study was to explore the effect of the local infiltration of the surgical wounds with low-dose of levobupivacaine, ibuprofen, and epinephrine over the sutured muscle wound in postoperative pain. Laparotomy was performed in adult rats under isoflurane anesthesia. During surgery, the surgical wounds were infiltrated with 50µL solution containing 0.3% w/v levobupivacaine, 2mg/mL ibuprofen, and 8mg/mL epinephrine (treatment group) and compared to infiltration of that of water for injection (vehicle group) over the sutured muscle wound before skin closing. Postoperative pain was assessed by rodent grimace scales scoring. The study also carried out for measurement for histopathological examinations and the tensile strength of wound. The one-way ANOVA following the Dunnett Multiple comparisons test was used to show significant differences between parameters at 95% level of confidence. The fall in pain started with three-hour post-surgery in the treatment group. At 24h after the end of the successful infiltration, the treatment group had significant reduction of a pain than vehicle group (p=0.048; q=3.527). After three weeks of the wound were closed, a significant improvement of angiogenesis process (p=0.021) and the tensile strength (p=0.019) for the treatment group as compared to baseline. The experimental study was reported that local infiltration of the surgical wound with levobupivacaine, ibuprofen, and epinephrine combination was effective in the postoperative pain and healing of the surgical wounds.