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Large language models (LLMs) have made a significant impact on the fields of general artificial intelligence. General purpose LLMs exhibit strong logic and reasoning skills and general world knowledge but can sometimes generate misleading results when prompted on specific subject areas. LLMs trained with domain-specific knowledge can reduce the generation of misleading information (i.e. hallucinations) and enhance the precision of LLMs in specialized contexts. Training new LLMs on specific corpora however can be resource intensive. Here we explored the use of a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) model which we tested on literature specific to a biomedical research area. OpenAI's GPT-3.5, GPT-4, Microsoft's Prometheus, and a custom RAG model were used to answer 19 questions pertaining to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) disease biology and treatment. Eight independent reviewers assessed LLM responses based on accuracy, relevance, and readability, rating responses on a 3-point scale for each category. These scores were then used to compare LLM performance. The performance of the LLMs varied across scoring categories. On accuracy and relevance, the RAG model outperformed other models with higher scores on average and the most top scores across questions. GPT-4 was more comparable to the RAG model on relevance versus accuracy. By the same measures, GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 had the highest scores for readability of answers when compared to the other LLMs. GPT-4 and 3.5 also had more answers with hallucinations than the other LLMs, due to non-existent references and inaccurate responses to clinical questions. Our findings suggest that an oncology research-focused RAG model may outperform general-purpose LLMs in accuracy and relevance when answering subject-related questions. This framework can be tailored to Q&A in other subject areas. Further research will help understand the impact of LLM architectures, RAG methodologies, and prompting techniques in answering questions across different subject areas.
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Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy characterised by aberrant production of immunoglobulins requiring survival mechanisms to adapt to proteotoxic stress. We here show that glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (GluProRS) inhibition constitutes a novel therapeutic target. Genomic data suggest that GluProRS promotes disease progression and is associated with poor prognosis, while downregulation in MM cells triggers apoptosis. We developed NCP26, a novel ATP-competitive ProRS inhibitor that demonstrates significant anti-tumour activity in multiple in vitro and in vivo systems and overcomes metabolic adaptation observed with other inhibitor chemotypes. We demonstrate a complex phenotypic response involving protein quality control mechanisms that centers around the ribosome as an integrating hub. Using systems approaches, we identified multiple downregulated proline-rich motif-containing proteins as downstream effectors. These include CD138, transcription factors such as MYC, and transcription factor 3 (TCF3), which we establish as a novel determinant in MM pathobiology through functional and genomic validation. Our preclinical data therefore provide evidence that blockade of prolyl-aminoacylation evokes a complex pro-apoptotic response beyond the canonical integrated stress response and establish a framework for its evaluation in a clinical setting.
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Aminoacil-tRNA Sintetases , Mieloma Múltiplo , Humanos , Aminoacil-tRNA Sintetases/antagonistas & inibidores , Aminoacil-tRNA Sintetases/metabolismo , Mieloma Múltiplo/tratamento farmacológico , Mieloma Múltiplo/metabolismoRESUMO
The acquisition of a multidrug refractory state is a major cause of mortality in myeloma. Myeloma drugs that target the cereblon (CRBN) protein include widely used immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), and newer CRBN E3 ligase modulator drugs (CELMoDs), in clinical trials. CRBN genetic disruption causes resistance and poor outcomes with IMiDs. Here, we investigate alternative genomic associations of IMiD resistance, using large whole-genome sequencing patient datasets (n = 522 cases) at newly diagnosed, lenalidomide (LEN)-refractory and lenalidomide-then-pomalidomide (LEN-then-POM)-refractory timepoints. Selecting gene targets reproducibly identified by published CRISPR/shRNA IMiD resistance screens, we found little evidence of genetic disruption by mutation associated with IMiD resistance. However, we identified a chromosome region, 2q37, containing COP9 signalosome members COPS7B and COPS8, copy loss of which significantly enriches between newly diagnosed (incidence 5.5%), LEN-refractory (10.0%), and LEN-then-POM-refractory states (16.4%), and may adversely affect outcomes when clonal fraction is high. In a separate dataset (50 patients) with sequential samples taken throughout treatment, we identified acquisition of 2q37 loss in 16% cases with IMiD exposure, but none in cases without IMiD exposure. The COP9 signalosome is essential for maintenance of the CUL4-DDB1-CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase. This region may represent a novel marker of IMiD resistance with clinical utility.
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Mieloma Múltiplo , Humanos , Mieloma Múltiplo/tratamento farmacológico , Mieloma Múltiplo/genética , Mieloma Múltiplo/metabolismo , Lenalidomida/uso terapêutico , RNA Interferente Pequeno/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Peptídeo Hidrolases/genética , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismoRESUMO
Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), including lenalidomide and pomalidomide, are used in the routine treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Cereblon (CRBN) is the direct molecular target of IMiDs. While CRBN is not an essential gene for MM cell proliferation, the frequency of CRBN genetic aberrations, including mutation, copy number loss, and exon-10 (which includes a portion of the IMiD-binding domain) splicing, have been reported to incrementally increase in later-line patients. CRBN exon-10 splicing has also been shown to be associated with decreased progression-free survival in both newly diagnosed and relapsed refractory MM patients. Although we did not find significant general splicing defects among patients with CRBN exon-10 splice variant when compared to those expressing the full-length transcript, we identified upregulated TNFA signaling via NFKB, inflammatory response, and IL-10 signaling pathways in patients with exon-10 splice variant across various data sets-all potentially promoting tumor growth via chronic growth signals. We examined master regulators that mediate transcriptional programs in CRBN exon-10 splice variant patients and identified BATF, EZH2, and IKZF1 as the key candidates across the four data sets. Upregulated downstream targets of BATF, EZH2, and IKZF1 are components of TNFA signaling via NFKB, IL2/STAT5 signaling pathways, and IFNG response pathways. Previously, BATF-mediated transcriptional regulation was associated with venetoclax sensitivity in MM. Interestingly, we found that an EZH2 sensitivity gene expression signature also correlated with high BATF or venetoclax sensitivity scores in these tumors. Together, these data provide a rationale for investigating EZH2 inhibitors or venetoclax in combination with the next generation CRBN-targeting agents, such as CELMoDs, for patients overexpressing the CRBN exon-10 splice variant.
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Because the incidence of breast cancer increases decades after ionizing radiation exposure, aging has been implicated in the evolution of the tumor microenvironment and tumor progression. Here, we investigated radiation-induced carcinogenesis using a model in which the mammary glands of 10-month-old BALB/c mice were transplanted with Trp53-null mammary tissue 3 days after exposure to low doses of sparsely ionizing γ-radiation or densely ionizing particle radiation. Mammary transplants in aged, irradiated hosts gave rise to significantly more tumors that grew more rapidly than those in sham-irradiated mice, with the most pronounced effects seen in mice irradiated with densely ionizing particle radiation. Tumor transcriptomes identified a characteristic immune signature of these aggressive cancers. Consistent with this, fast-growing tumors exhibited an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment with few infiltrating lymphocytes, abundant immunosuppressive myeloid cells, and high COX-2 and TGFß. Only irradiated hosts gave rise to tumors lacking cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes (defined here as immune desert), which also occurred in younger irradiated hosts. These data suggest that host irradiation may promote immunosuppression. To test this, young chimera mice were fed chow containing a honeybee-derived compound with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). CAPE prevented the detrimental effects of host irradiation on tumor growth rate, immune signature, and immunosuppression. These data indicated that low-dose radiation, particularly densely ionizing exposure of aged mice, promoted more aggressive cancers by suppressing antitumor immunity. Dietary intervention with a nontoxic immunomodulatory agent could prevent systemic effects of radiation that fuel carcinogenesis, supporting the potential of this strategy for cancer prevention.
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Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Dieta , Inflamação/dietoterapia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias Induzidas por Radiação/prevenção & controle , Fatores Etários , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos da radiação , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Feminino , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/patologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/efeitos da radiação , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/etiologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/imunologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Knockout , Neoplasias Induzidas por Radiação/etiologia , Neoplasias Induzidas por Radiação/imunologia , Transcriptoma , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos da radiação , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/imunologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite toxic side effects and limited durable response, the current standard-of-care treatment for high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) remains platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy. Given that the overall prognosis has not improved drastically over the past several decades, there is a critical need to understand the underlying mechanisms that lead to tumour development and progression. METHODS: We utilized an integrative proteogenomic analysis of HGSOC tumours applying a poor prognosis gene expression signature (PPS) as a conceptual framework to analyse orthogonal genomic and proteomic data from the TCGA (nâ¯=â¯488) and CPTAC (nâ¯=â¯169) studies. Genes identified through in silico analyses were assessed in vitro studies to demonstrate their impact on proliferation and cell cycle progression. FINDINGS: These analyses identified DNA amplification and overexpression of the transcription factor ADNP (Activity Dependent Neuroprotector Homeobox) in poorly prognostic tumours. Validation studies confirmed the prognostic capacity of ADNP and suggested an oncogenic role for this protein given the association between ADNP expression and pro-proliferative signalling. In vitro studies confirmed ADNP as a novel and essential mediator of cell proliferation through dysregulation of cell cycle checkpoints. INTERPRETATION: We identified ADNP as being amplified and overexpressed in poor prognosis HGSOC in silico analyses and demonstrated that ADNP is a novel and essential oncogene in HGSOC which mediates proliferation through dysregulation of cell cycle checkpoints in vitro. FUNDING: The National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, the V Foundation for Cancer Research and the New Jersey Commission for Cancer Research.
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Ciclo Celular/genética , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/genética , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/metabolismo , Proteogenômica , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/mortalidade , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/patologia , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Gradação de Tumores , Neoplasias Ovarianas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Prognóstico , Proteogenômica/métodosRESUMO
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is largely synonymous with the basal-like molecular subtype, is the 5th leading cause of cancer deaths for women in the United States. The overall prognosis for TNBC patients remains poor given that few treatment options exist; including targeted therapies (not FDA approved), and multi-agent chemotherapy as standard-of-care treatment. TNBC like other complex diseases is governed by the perturbations of the complex interaction networks thereby elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms of this disease in the context of network principles, which have the potential to identify targets for drug development. Here, we present an integrated "omics" approach based on the use of transcriptome and interactome data to identify dynamic/active protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) in TNBC patients. We have identified three highly connected modules, EED, DHX9, and AURKA, which are extremely activated in TNBC tumors compared to both normal tissues and other breast cancer subtypes. Based on the functional analyses, we propose that these modules are potential drivers of proliferation and, as such, should be considered candidate molecular targets for drug development or drug repositioning in TNBC. Consistent with this argument, we repurposed steroids, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-infective agents, cardiovascular agents for patients with basal-like breast cancer. Finally, we have performed essential metabolite analysis on personalized genome-scale metabolic models and found that metabolites such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and cholesterol-sulfate have utmost importance in TNBC tumor growth.
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KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated proto-oncogenes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and aberrantly activated in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). A profound role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of human cancer is being uncovered, including in cancer therapy. Using in silico prediction algorithms, we identified miR-873 as a potential regulator of KRAS, and we investigated its role in PDAC and TNBC. We found that reduced miR-873 expression is associated with shorter patient survival in both cancers. miR-873 expression is significantly repressed in PDAC and TNBC cell lines and inversely correlated with KRAS levels. We demonstrate that miR-873 directly bound to the 3' UTR of KRAS mRNA and suppressed its expression. Notably, restoring miR-873 expression induced apoptosis; recapitulated the effects of KRAS inhibition on cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion; and suppressed the activity of ERK and PI3K/AKT, while overexpression of KRAS rescued the effects mediated by miR-873. Moreover, in vivo delivery of miR-873 nanoparticles inhibited KRAS expression and tumor growth in PDAC and TNBC tumor models. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that miR-873 acts as a tumor suppressor by targeting KRAS and that miR-873-based gene therapy may be a therapeutic strategy in PDAC and TNBC.
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A complex framework of interacting partners including genetic, proteomic, and metabolic networks that cooperate to mediate specific functional phenotypes drives human biological processes. Recent technological and analytical advances in "omic" sciences allow the identification and elucidation of reprogramming biological functions in response to perturbations in cells and tissues. To understand such a complex system, biological networks are generated to reduce the complexity into relatively simple models, and the integration of these molecular networks from different perspectives is implemented for a holistic interpretation of the entire system. Ultimately, network-based methods will effectively facilitate the development and improvement of precision medicine by directing therapies based on the underlying biology of a given patient's disease. The goal of precision medicine is to identify novel therapeutic strategies that can be optimized for each disease type or each patient based on the underlying genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Pharmaco-omics analyses based on an integration of pharmacology and various "omics" data types can be employed to develop effective treatment strategies using particular drugs and doses that are tailored to each individual. In the current review, we first present the core elements of network-based systems biology in the context of pharmaco-omics followed by integration of multi-omics data using various biological networks. Next, we provide an opening into precise medicine and drug targeting based on network approaches. Lastly, we review the current significant efforts as well as the accomplishments and limitations in precise drug targeting with the utility of network-based guided drug discovery methods for effective treatment of breast cancer.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Descoberta de Drogas , Medicina de Precisão , Antineoplásicos/química , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Circulating miRNAs are known to play important roles in intercellular communication. However, the effects of exosomal miRNAs on cells are not fully understood. METHODS: To investigate the role of exosomal miR-1246 in ovarian cancer (OC) microenvironment, we performed RPPA as well as many other in vitro functional assays in ovarian cancer cells (sensitive; HeyA8, Skov3ip1, A2780 and chemoresistant; HeyA8-MDR, Skov3-TR, A2780-CP20). Therapeutic effect of miR-1246 inhibitor treatment was tested in OC animal model. We showed the effect of OC exosomal miR-1246 uptake on macrophages by co-culture experiments. FINDINGS: Substantial expression of oncogenic miR-1246 OC exosomes was found. We showed that Cav1 gene, which is the direct target of miR-1246, is involved in the process of exosomal transfer. A significantly worse overall prognosis were found for OC patients with high miR-1246 and low Cav1 expression based on TCGA data. miR-1246 expression were significantly higher in paclitaxel-resistant OC exosomes than in their sensitive counterparts. Overexpression of Cav1 and anti-miR-1246 treatment significantly sensitized OC cells to paclitaxel. We showed that Cav1 and multi drug resistance (MDR) gene is involved in the process of exosomal transfer. Our proteomic approach also revealed that miR-1246 inhibits Cav1 and acts through PDGFß receptor at the recipient cells to inhibit cell proliferation. miR-1246 inhibitor treatment in combination with chemotherapy led to reduced tumor burden in vivo. Finally, we demonstrated that when OC cells are co-cultured with macrophages, they are capable of transferring their oncogenic miR-1246 to M2-type macrophages, but not M0-type macrophages. INTERPRETATION: Our results suggest that cancer exosomes may contribute to oncogenesis by manipulating neighboring infiltrating immune cells. This study provide a new mechanistic therapeutic approach to overcome chemoresistance and tumor progression through exosomal miR-1246 in OC patients.
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Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Caveolina 1/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Exossomos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Caveolina 1/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Exossomos/metabolismo , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Camundongos , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Neoplasias Ovarianas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ovarianas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ovarianas/mortalidade , Interferência de RNA , Receptor beta de Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Prostate cancer is the most common nonskin-related cancer, affecting one in seven men in the United States. Gleason score, a sum of the primary and secondary Gleason patterns, is one of the best predictors of prostate cancer outcomes. Recently, significant progress has been made in molecular subtyping prostate cancer through the use of genomic sequencing. It has been established that prostate cancer patients presented with a Gleason score 7 show heterogeneity in both disease recurrence and survival. We built a unified system using publicly available whole-slide images and genomic data of histopathology specimens through deep neural networks to identify a set of computational biomarkers. Using a survival model, the experimental results on the public prostate dataset showed that the computational biomarkers extracted by our approach had hazard ratio as 5.73 and C -index as 0.74, which were higher than standard clinical prognostic factors and other engineered image texture features. Collectively, the results of this study highlight the important role of neural network analysis of prostate cancer and the potential of such approaches in other precision medicine applications.
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Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin related cancer affecting 1 in 7 men in the United States. Treatment of patients with prostate cancer still remains a difficult decision-making process that requires physicians to balance clinical benefits, life expectancy, comorbidities, and treatment-related side effects. Gleason score (a sum of the primary and secondary Gleason patterns) solely based on morphological prostate glandular architecture has shown as one of the best predictors of prostate cancer outcome. Significant progress has been made on molecular subtyping prostate cancer delineated through the increasing use of gene sequencing. Prostate cancer patients with Gleason score of 7 show heterogeneity in recurrence and survival outcomes. Therefore, we propose to assess the correlation between histopathology images and genomic data with disease recurrence in prostate tumors with a Gleason 7 score to identify prognostic markers. In the study, we identify image biomarkers within tissue WSIs by modeling the spatial relationship from automatically created patches as a sequence within WSI by adopting a recurrence network model, namely long short-term memory (LSTM). Our preliminary results demonstrate that integrating image biomarkers from CNN with LSTM and genomic pathway scores, is more strongly correlated with patients recurrence of disease compared to standard clinical markers and engineered image texture features. The study further demonstrates that prostate cancer patients with Gleason score of 4+3 have a higher risk of disease progression and recurrence compared to prostate cancer patients with Gleason score of 3+4.
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Targeted therapeutics that are initially effective in cancer patients nearly invariably engender resistance at some stage, an inherent challenge in the use of any molecular-targeted drug in cancer settings. In this study, we evaluated resistance mechanisms arising in metastatic melanoma to MAPK pathway kinase inhibitors as a strategy to identify candidate strategies to limit risks of resistance. To investigate longitudinal responses, we developed an intravital serial imaging approach that can directly visualize drug response in an inducible RAF-driven, autochthonous murine model of melanoma incorporating a fluorescent reporter allele (tdTomatoLSL). Using this system, we visualized formation and progression of tumors in situ, starting from the single-cell level longitudinally over time. Reliable reporting of the status of primary murine tumors treated with the selective MEK1/2 inhibitor (MEKi) trametinib illustrated a time-course of initial drug response and persistence, followed by the development of drug resistance. We found that tumor cells adjacent to bundled collagen had a preferential persistence in response to MEKi. Unbiased transcriptional and kinome reprogramming analyses from selected treatment time points suggested increased c-Kit and PI3K/AKT pathway activation in resistant tumors, along with enhanced expression of epithelial genes and epithelial-mesenchymal transition downregulation signatures with development of MEKi resistance. Similar trends were observed following simultaneous treatment with BRAF and MEK inhibitors aligned to standard-of-care combination therapy, suggesting these reprogramming events were not specific to MEKi alone. Overall, our results illuminate the integration of tumor-stroma dynamics with tissue plasticity in melanoma progression and provide new insights into the basis for drug response, persistence, and resistance.Significance: A longitudinal study tracks the course of MEKi treatment in an autochthonous imageable murine model of melanoma from initial response to therapeutic resistance, offering new insights into the basis for drug response, persistence, and resistance. Cancer Res; 78(2); 542-57. ©2017 AACR.
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Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Microscopia Intravital/métodos , MAP Quinase Quinase 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Melanoma/patologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Piridonas/farmacologia , Pirimidinonas/farmacologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma/metabolismo , Camundongos , Mutação , Prognóstico , Transdução de Sinais , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
The biological function of a protein is usually determined by its physical interaction with other proteins. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are identified through various experimental methods and are stored in curated databases. The noisiness of the existing PPI data is evident, and it is essential that a more reliable data is generated. Furthermore, the selection of a set of PPIs at different confidence levels might be necessary for many studies. Although different methodologies were introduced to evaluate the confidence scores for binary interactions, a highly reliable, almost complete PPI network of Homo sapiens is not proposed yet. The quality and coverage of human protein interactome need to be improved to be used in various disciplines, especially in biomedicine. In the present work, we propose an unsupervised statistical approach to assign confidence scores to PPIs of H. sapiens. To achieve this goal PPI data from six different databases were collected and a total of 295,288 non-redundant interactions between 15,950 proteins were acquired. The present scoring system included the context information that was assigned to PPIs derived from eight biological attributes. A high confidence network, which included 147,923 binary interactions between 13,213 proteins, had scores greater than the cutoff value of 0.80, for which sensitivity, specificity, and coverage were 94.5%, 80.9%, and 82.8%, respectively. We compared the present scoring method with others for evaluation. Reducing the noise inherent in experimental PPIs via our scoring scheme increased the accuracy significantly. As it was demonstrated through the assessment of process and cancer subnetworks, this study allows researchers to construct and analyze context-specific networks via valid PPI sets and one can easily achieve subnetworks around proteins of interest at a specified confidence level.
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Mapeamento de Interação de Proteínas/métodos , Intervalos de Confiança , Coleta de Dados , Bases de Dados de Proteínas , Humanos , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas , Curva ROC , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Low selenium levels have been linked to a higher incidence of cancer and other diseases, including Keshan, Chagas, and Kashin-Beck, and insulin resistance. Additionally, muscle and cardiovascular disorders, immune dysfunction, cancer, neurological disorders, and endocrine function have been associated with mutations in genes encoding for selenoproteins. Selenium biology is complex, and a systems biology approach to study global metabolomics, genomics, and/or proteomics may provide important clues to examining selenium-responsive markers in circulation. In the current investigation, we applied a global proteomics approach on plasma samples collected from a previously conducted, double-blinded placebo controlled clinical study, where men were supplemented with selenized-yeast (Se-Yeast; 300 µg/day, 3.8 µmol/day) or placebo-yeast for 48 weeks. Proteomic analysis was performed by iTRAQ on 8 plasma samples from each arm at baseline and 48 weeks. A total of 161 plasma proteins were identified in both arms. Twenty-two proteins were significantly altered following Se-Yeast supplementation and thirteen proteins were significantly changed after placebo-yeast supplementation in healthy men. The differentially expressed proteins were involved in complement and coagulation pathways, immune functions, lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance. Reconstruction and analysis of protein-protein interaction network around selected proteins revealed several hub proteins. One of the interactions suggested by our analysis, PHLD-APOA4, which is involved in insulin resistance, was subsequently validated by Western blot analysis. Our systems approach illustrates a viable platform for investigating responsive proteomic profile in 'before and after' condition following Se-Yeast supplementation. The nature of proteins identified suggests that selenium may play an important role in complement and coagulation pathways, and insulin resistance.
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Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Selênio/administração & dosagem , Leveduras/metabolismo , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Masculino , Placebos , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), which is the most common subtype of esophageal cancers, is the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide with a five-year survival rate of 19%. Identification of efficient biomarkers for early detection and better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ESCC may offer reduced mortality. However, proper biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and prognosis have not been defined yet. In the presented study, we employed a systematic and integrative 'omics' strategy to reconstruct networks of transcriptional regulation and protein-protein interaction to identify novel biomarkers, potential molecular targets, and mechanisms of transcriptional control in ESCC. Towards this end, we revealed 30 down-regulated and 21 up-regulated genes as ESCC specific biomarkers since these were differentially expressed between 91 ESCC tumor samples compared to normal tissues in five different datasets. We report the association of ACPP, C2orf54, DYNLT3, ENDOU, FMO2, and KANK1 (down-regulated genes) and COL10A1, FNDC3B, HOMER3, MARCKSL1, and RFC4 (up-regulated genes) to ESCC for the first time. Further, the ESCC driven molecular pathways were also constructed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the disease; specifically several metabolic pathways were down-regulated while the signaling pathways were up-regulated. Additionally, reporter metabolites for ESCC were analyzed and metabolic dysfunction was ascertained in arachidonic acid metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways. The multi-omics network strategy presented here may enable discovery of novel biomarkers and targets for personalized medicine in ESCC patients.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major global public health burden. A complex metabolic disease, type 2 diabetes affects multiple different tissues, demanding a "systems medicine" approach to biomarker and novel diagnostic discovery, not to mention data integration across omics-es. In the present study, transcriptomics data from different tissues including beta-cells, pancreatic islets, arterial tissue, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, liver, and skeletal muscle of 228 samples were integrated with protein-protein interaction data and genome scale metabolic models to unravel the molecular and tissue-specific biomarker signatures of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Classifying differentially expressed genes, reconstruction and topological analysis of active protein-protein interaction subnetworks indicated that genomic reprogramming depends on the type of tissue, whereas there are common signatures at different levels. Among all tissue and cell types, Mannosidase Alpha Class 1A Member 2 was the common signature at genome level, and activation-ppara reaction, which stimulates a nuclear receptor protein, was found out as the mutual reporter at metabolic level. Moreover, miR-335 and miR-16-5p came into prominence in regulation of transcription at different tissues. On the other hand, distinct signatures were observed for different tissues at the metabolome level. Various coenzyme-A derivatives were significantly enriched metabolites in pancreatic islets, whereas skeletal muscle was enriched for cholesterol, malate, L-carnitine, and several amino acids. Results have showed utmost importance concerning relations between T2D and cancer, blood coagulation, neurodegenerative diseases, and specific metabolic and signaling pathways.
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Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , Ligação ProteicaRESUMO
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents approximately 15% of breast cancers and is characterized by lack of expression of both estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), together with absence of human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2). TNBC has attracted considerable attention due to its aggressiveness such as large tumor size, high proliferation rate, and metastasis. The absence of clinically efficient molecular targets is of great concern in treatment of patients with TNBC. In light of the complexity of TNBC, we applied a systematic and integrative transcriptomics and interactomics approach utilizing transcriptional regulatory and protein-protein interaction networks to discover putative transcriptional control mechanisms of TNBC. To this end, we identified TNBC-driven molecular pathways such as the Janus kinase-signal transducers, and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways. The multi-omics molecular target and biomarker discovery approach presented here can offer ways forward on novel diagnostics and potentially help to design personalized therapeutics for TNBC in the future.