Immunohistochemical distributions of leptin, ghrelin and obestatin hormones in bull and ram abomasum.

In most mammals, leptin plays central and peripheral roles in a wide range of metabolic activities including feed consumption and digestion, energy expenditure and the regulation of carbohydrate-fat accumulation. Ghrelin is a strong appetite-stimulating hormone, while obestatin has the opposite effect of ghrelin. The latter is released during feeding, causing a sense of satiety. This study aimed to reveal if the metabolic hormones, as well as OB-R and GHS-R, were present in bull and ram abomasums. Streptavidin-biotin peroxidase method was implemented to determine the expressions and localizations of metabolic hormones and their receptors, and obestatin. Immunoreactivity for leptin and obestatin was present in the cytoplasms of luminal and glandular cells, while smooth muscle cells were immunoreactant for ghrelin, in both bull and ram abomasums. Immunoreactivity for OB-R was present in luminal and glandular cell, parietal cell cytoplasms, and blood vessels. Immunoreactivity for GHS-R, on the other hand, was found in glandular epithelial cell cytoplasms and parietal cell cytoplasms, in both bull and ram abomasums. Leptin immunoreactivity was detected in the glandular epithelial cells and stroma, and particularly in the parietal cells. Ghrelin immunoreactivity was not observed in glandular epithelial cells. Obestatin immunoreactivity was found intensely in the bull abomasum, while moderate immunoreactivity was observed in the ram abomasums. As such, leptin, ghrelin and obestatin hormones were expressed in bull and ram abomasums, similar to the abomasums of other species. It is believed that these hormones play important roles in the digestive system activities and the regulation of energy in bulls and rams.

Composition of abomasal mucins in hair goats.

The mucosal epithelium of the digestive tract is covered by a layer of mucusthat protects against chemical, enzymatic and mechanical damage, and pathogenic microorganisms. We investigated the composition of the mucin in the abomasum of goat kids using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. We used 6 - 8-month-old goat kids; samples were collected from the cardia, fundus and pylorus regions of the abomasum. Alcian blue (pH.2.5)-PAS, Alcian blue (pH.2.5)-aldehyde fuchsin, phenylhydrazine-PAS histochemical staining methods were used as well as Muc1, Muc2, Muc5ac and Muc6 immunohistochemistry. We found that neutral mucins, carboxylic mucins and N-acetyl sialomucins were present in the stomachs of the kids. Muc1 was expressed in all glandular epithelium cells and was expressed intensely by the mucous neck cells in the fundus. Although Muc2 expression was not observed in the cardia and fundus, weak expression was found in the surface epithelial cells and mucus secreting cells of the pylorus. Muc5ac was expressed intensely in all glandular epithelial cells and in mucous neck cells of the fundus as well as mucus secreting cells in the pylorus. Moderately intense Muc6 expression also was found in the cardia and fundus; it was expressed intensely in the mucus secreting cells of the pylorus.

Oxidant/Antioxidant Status, PON1 and ARES Activities, Trace Element Levels, and Histological Alterations in Sheep with Cystic Echinococcosis.

BACKGROUND: Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI), nitric oxide (NO), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) levels, paraoxonase (PON1), arylesterase (ARES) activities, and biochemical changes were studied on sheep with cystic echinococcosis. METHODS: The materials were taken from 2-3 yr old sheep slaughtered in Van Province, Turkey in 2017. Before the slaughter, blood samples were collected from the healthy sheep, while various organs of animals were examined for hydatid cysts after the slaughter. Thirty sheep were protoscolex positive, hydatic group, while 30 sheep that did not have any pathological lesions in organ examinations were accepted as the control group. TOS levels, PON1 and ARES activities, and Zn levels were determined by commercial kits, while Cu levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The collected data were then statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Serum TOS and OSI levels were significantly higher in sheep with cystic echinococcosis compared to the control group (P<0.001). TAS levels (P<0.01), PON1 and ARES activities, on the other hand, were significantly higher in control group compared to the cystic echinococcosis group (P<0.001). There were no significant differences in Zn, NO and Cu levels between the groups. CONCLUSION: PON1 and ARES activities increased in sheep infected with cyst hydatid. The decline of antioxidant reserves in the metabolism results in excessive amounts of free radicals, along with alterations of the normal histological structure of the cystic organ and changes in trace element metabolism.

Comparative morphometric study of the filiform lingual papilla in the middle east blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi, Nehring, 1898) and Wistar albino rat / Estudio morfométrico comparativo de la papila lingual filiforme en la rata topo ciega del medio oriente (Spalax ehrenbergi, Nehring, 1898) y la rata albino Wistar

This study aimed to reveal the morphometric differences between blind mole rats which live under ground and rats which live under laboratory conditions with regard to the length, base width, keratinization thickness and microscopic papilla depth. For this purpose, 7 adult blind mole rats and 7 adult Wistar albino rats were used in the study. All tongues were removed and fixed in 10 % neutral formalin. 4-5 micrometer of sections were obtained from paraffine sections which were obtained with routine histological follow ups and Crossman's modified triple staining was applied. While papilla length was found as 184.73±26.68 µm, base width 65.46±16.51 µm, keratinization thickness 11.60±1.37 µm, microscopic papilla depth 49.89±8.19 µm in blind rats; these values were found as 177.49±31.44 µm, 50.08±7.57 µm, 13.08±5.32 µm and 89.12±19.31 µm, respectively in rats. While a statistically significant difference was not detected between lengths (p>0.05), the difference between papilla width was found significant (p<0.05). While keratinization was found to be thicker on posterior side compared to anterior side in both species, a difference was not detected between keratinization thickness measurements (p>0.05). The difference between two species with regard to papilla depth was detected to be significant (p<0.001). The finding that papilla depth decreases as base width increases and the difference's being statistically significant suggested that living in different environments with different humidity could be effective on morphologic structures of the tongue in blind mole rats and rats.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo revelar las diferencias morfométricas de las papilas linguales filiformes entre ratas topo ciegas que viven bajo tierra y ratas que viven en condiciones de laboratorio, con respecto a la longitud, ancho de la base, espesor de la queratinización y profundidad microscópica de las papilas. Para este propósito, se utilizaron 7 ratas topo ciegas adultas y 7 ratas albinas Wistar adultas. Se retiraron las lenguas y se fijaron en formalina neutra al 10 %. Se obtuvieron secciones de 4 a 5 µm a partir de técnicas histológicas de rutina, aplicándose la tinción triple modificada de Crossman. En las ratas topo ciegas se obtuvieron los siguientes datos morfométricos en relación a las papilas linguales filiformes: longitud 184,73 ± 26,68µm, ancho de la base 65,46 ± 16,51 µm, espesor de queratinización 11,60 ± 1,37 µm, profundidad microscópica de la papila 49,89 ± 8,19 µm, mientras que en las ratas control, los valores que se encontraron fueron 177,49 ± 31,44 µm, 50,08 ± 7,57 µm, 13,08 ± 5,32 µm y 89,12 ± 19,31 µm, respectivamente. Si bien no se detectó diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las longitudes (p> 0,05), la diferencia del ancho de la papila fue significativa (p <0,05). Mientras que la queratinización fue más gruesa en la parte dorsal comparado con la parte ventral en ambas especies, no se detectó diferencia entre las mediciones de espesor de la queratinización (p> 0,05). Se detectó que la diferencia entre las dos especies con respecto a la profundidad de la papila era significativa (p <0,001). Se determinó que la profundidad de la papila disminuye a medida que aumenta el ancho de la base y la diferencia es estadísticamente significativa, lo que sugiere que vivir en diferentes ambientes con diferente humedad podría ser eficaz en las estructuras morfológicas de la lengua de ratas topo ciegas y de ratas de laboratorio.

Age-related changes in the expression of ICAM-1 in the aorta of Wistar albino rats / Cambios relacionados con la edad en la expresión de ICAM-1 en la aorta de ratas Wistar albinas

ICAM-1 which is expressed by endothelial cells and leukocytes are observed as first markers in diseases such as transplant rejection, diabetes and atherosclerosis and in infections caused by various pathogens. In the present study, it is aimed to reveal the age-related changes in the expression of ICAM-1 on rats. Therefore, a total of 30 albino rats were taken at the age of 6, 18 and 24 months without gender discrimination. Rats were fed with standard pellet feed during the study. Afterwards, rats were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected from their rats, and the samples were evaluated under the light microscope by staining with immnunohistochemical method. It was determined that the expression of both aortic endothelial cells and endothelial cells in the media layer had been significantly increased based on the age.

ICAM-1, que se expresa en las células endoteliales y los leucocitos, se observan como primeros marcadores de enfermedades como el rechazo de trasplante, la diabetes y la aterosclerosis y en las infecciones causadas por diversos patógenos. En el presente estudio, se pretende revelar los cambios relacionados con la edad en la expresión de ICAM-1 en ratas. Un total de 30 ratas albinas fueron seleccionadas con edades de 6, 18 y 24 meses, sin discriminación de sexo. Durante el estudio se administró a las ratas alimentación estándar de pellets. Posteriormente, los animales fueron sacrificados y se recogieron muestras de sus tejidos, los cuales fueron teñidos para inmunohistoquímica y se evaluaron a través de microscopio óptico. Se determinó que la expresión tanto de células endoteliales aórticas como de células endoteliales de la capa media se incrementó significativamente en función de la edad.

Mucin profiles of the abomasum in bulls and rams: A comparative study.

Many pathogens require direct binding to mucosal cells to cause an infection. The mucosal epithelium of the digestive tract, which is covered by a mucin layer, fulfills several protective functions that are essential to maintaining the health of the digestive tract. Mucins are glycoproteins, which are found on membranes and in mucus gels and protect the underlying mucosal cells. Both membrane-associated mucins and secreted mucins are critical components of mucosal defense. The aim of this study was to determine the localization and expression of mucin profile of the abomasum via histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. The abomasums of 20 bulls and 20 rams were evaluated. Histochemical examination showed that neutral and acidic mucins were present in the mucosa and the glands of the pars cardiaca, fundus, and pars pylorica of the abomasums of both bulls and rams. However, the expression of acidic mucins was weak in the superficial glands and strong in the deep glands of the abomasum of rams. In both bulls and rams, MUC1, MUC5AC, and MUC6 were expressed in the glandular epithelial cells in all regions of the abomasum. Interestingly, while MUC2 was not expressed in the pars cardiaca and fundus, it was weakly expressed in the parietal cells of the pars pylorica in both species. In conclusion, the presence of neutral and acidic mucins and MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 proteins in luminal epithelial and glandular cells of abomasum in the bulls and rams support the hypothesis that mucins play a key role in the protection of the abomasal mucosa against infectious agents.