RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of sport training programs should be assessed regularly against biochemical indices. This study assesses changes in the antioxidant status indices in American football players (AF) and soccer players (SP) over a training macrocycle. METHODS: The study was carried out with Poland's American Football League players (AF, n = 11, age 24.0 ± 3.7 years) and first-league soccer players (SP, n = 11, age 26.5 ± 3.8 years). Resting venous blood samples were collected from the players at the beginning of the three periods (preparatory, competition, and transition) making up the training macrocycle to determine the activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants (uric acid-UA and glutathione-GSH) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). RESULTS: The period effect on SOD (p < 0.001), CAT (p < 0.05), GPx (p < 0.05), GSH (p < 0.0001) and UA (p < 0.0001), and the group × period interaction effect on SOD, CAT and GPx (p < 0.05), GSH (p < 0.001), and UA (p < 0.01) proved to be significant. Also significant were the group effect on MDA (p < 0.001) and LDH (p < 0.0001) and the period effect on MDA (p < 0.01) and LDH (p < 0.001). The activity of SOD and CAT and the concentration of GSH were higher in both AF (12%, 2%, and 15%, respectively) and SP (33%, 10%, and 42%) at the start of the competition period than in the preparatory period, but the concentration of MDA and the activity of CK and LDH was lower (0.8%, 29%, 5% (AF) and 2%, 11%, 5% (SP). The highest activity of GPx and LDH and the greatest concentrations of UA and MDA occurred in the early transition period. CONCLUSION: The study revealed an association between American footballers' and soccer players' training loads in the preparatory period and moderate improvements in their blood antioxidant status at the beginning of the competition period.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Transcatheter paravalvular leak closure (TPVLC) has become an established treatment option but is mostly performed with off-label use of different non-dedicated occluders. The first one specifically designed for TPVLC is the paravalvular leak device (PLD - Occlutech). AIM: We present initial short-term results of a prospective registry intended to assess the safety and efficacy of TPVLC with PLD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We screened patients with paravalvular leak (PVL) after surgical valve replacement (SVR). Heart failure symptoms and/or hemolytic anemia were indications for TPVLC. Patients were selected according to PVL anatomy by RT 3D TEE. Only those considered appropriate for closure with a single PLD were enrolled. The procedures were performed via transvascular or transapical access using type W (waist) PLDs only. RESULTS: Thirty patients with 34 PVLs (18 aortic, 16 mitral) were included. We implanted 35 PLDs with a total device success rate of 94.3% (100% for aortic, 88.2% for mitral). The procedural success rate, encompassing device success without in-hospital complications, was 94.1% (100% for aortic, 93.8% for mitral). During the follow-up period we recorded an increase of hemoglobin concentration (3.9 to 4.1 g/dl), red blood count (11.6 to 12.2 M/mm(3)) and functional improvement by NYHA class. CONCLUSIONS: Paravalvular leak device type W is a promising TPVLC device, but meticulous preselection of patients based on imaging of PVL anatomy is a prerequisite. A PLD should only be chosen for channels shorter than 5 mm. Size of the device should match the PVL cross-sectional area without any oversizing. Such an approach facilitates high device and procedural success rates.
