Analysis of factors affecting evapotranspiration zoning.

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) has a significant role in water resource planning and management as well as analysis of crop production and other agricultural tasks. Methods for estimating ETo may require diurnal/monthly assessments to perceive the consequences of climatic changes on local regions. The spatial and temporal patterns of ETo were analyzed in the current work using data from 340 weather stations in Iran. The entropy theory was used to assess the uncertainty of the utilized variables and the modified Kendall test was applied for temporal trend analysis. The interpolation (e.g., kriging) and ordinary least squares (OLS) methods were used for spatio-temporal ETo classification/modeling. The spatial analysis demonstrated that the OLS method with a good fit measure (R2 = 0.985) successfully simulated the spatial relationships of ETo with climatic parameters. After examining error indices, the cokriging method with an exponential variogram was introduced as the best method of seasonal and annual ETo classification in Iran. Spatially and temporally calculated ETo patterns using modified Hargreaves (MHGR) and MODIS methods closely resembled the standard FAO Penman-Monteith (FPM-56) method, all indicating a gradual increase in ETo. MHGR and MODIS methods serve as suitable alternatives for estimating ETo in various climatic regions of Iran, provided data availability.

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Trueperella pyogenes strains isolated from bovine mastitis and metritis.

BACKGROUND: Trueperella pyogenes is one of the most clinically imperative bacteria responsible for severe cases of mastitis and metritis, particularly in postpartum dairy cows. The bacterium has emergence of antibiotic resistance and virulence characters. The existing research was done to apprise the phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of antibiotic resistance and characterization of virulence factors in the T. pyogenes bacteria of bovine mastitis and metritis in postpartum cows. METHODS: Two-hundred and twenty-six bovine mastitic milk and 172 uterine swabs were collected and transferred to laboratory. Samples were cultured and T. pyogenes isolates were subjected to disk diffusion and DNA extraction. Distribution of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes was studied by PCR. RESULTS: Thirty-two out of 226 (14.15%) mastitic milk and forty-one out of 172 (23.83%) uterine swab samples were positive for T. pyogenes. Isolates of mastitic milk harbored the highest prevalence of resistance toward gentamicin (100%), penicillin (100%), ampicillin (90.62%), amoxicillin (87.50%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (87.50%), while those of metritis harbored the highest prevalence of resistance toward ampicillin (100%), amoxicillin (100%), gentamicin (97.56%), penicillin (97.56%) and cefalexin (97.56%). AacC, aadA1, aadA2 and tetW were the most generally perceived antibiotic resistance genes. All bacteria harbored plo (100%) and fimA (100%) virulence factors. NanP, nanH, fimC and fimE were also the most generally perceived virulence factors. CONCLUSIONS: All bacteria harbored plo and fimA virulence factors which showed that they can use as specific genetic markers with their important roles in pathogenicity of T. pyogenes bacteria. Phenotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was confirmed by genotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance genes.