Grandmaternal cells in cord blood.

BACKGROUND: During pregnancy a feto-maternal exchange of cells through the placenta conducts to maternal microchimerism (Mc) in the child and fetal Mc in the mother. Because of this bidirectional traffic of cells, pregnant women have also acquired maternal cells in utero from their mother and could transfer grandmaternal (GdM) cells to their child through the maternal bloodstream during pregnancy. Thus, cord blood (CB) samples could theoretically carry GdMMc. Nevertheless this has never been demonstrated. METHODS: Using Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-specific quantitative PCR assays on three-generation families, we were able to test 28 CB samples from healthy primigravid women for GdMMc in whole blood (WB) and isolated cells (PBMC, T, B, granulocytes, stem cells). FINDINGS: Five CB samples (18%) had GdMMc which could not be confounded with maternal source, with quantities 100 fold lower than maternal Mc in WB and PBMC. Risk of aneuploidies and/or related invasive prenatal procedures significantly correlated with the presence of GdMMc in CB (p=0.024). Significantly decreased HLA compatibility was observed in three-generation families from CB samples carrying GdMMc (p=0.019). INTERPRETATION: Transgenerational transfer of cells could have implications in immunology and evolution. Further analyses will be necessary to evaluate whether GdMMc in CB is a passive or immunologically active transfer and whether invasive prenatal procedures could trigger GdMMc. FUNDING: Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur APEX grant # 2012_06549E, 2012_11786F and 2014_03978) and the Foundation for Medical Research (FRM Grant #ING20140129045).

Factors Predicting the Presence of Maternal Cells in Cord Blood and Associated Changes in Immune Cell Composition.

Background: Cord blood (CB) samples are increasingly used as a source of hematopoietic stem cells in transplantation settings. Maternal cells have been detected in CB samples and their presence is associated with a better graft outcome. However, we still do not know what influences the presence of maternal microchimerism (MMc) in CB samples and whether their presence influences CB hematopoietic cell composition. Patients and Methods: Here we test whether genetic, biological, anthropometric and/or obstetrical parameters influence the frequency and/or quantity of maternal Mc in CB samples from 55 healthy primigravid women. Mc was evaluated by targeting non-shared, non-inherited Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-specific real-time quantitative PCR in whole blood and four cell subsets (T, B lymphocytes, granulocytes and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells). Furthermore CB samples were analyzed for their cell composition by flow cytometry and categorized according to their microchimeric status. Results: MMc was present in 55% of CB samples in at least one cell subset or whole blood, with levels reaching up to 0.3% of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Two factors were predictive of the presence of MMc in CB samples: high concentrations of maternal serological Pregnancy-Associated-Protein-A at first trimester of pregnancy (p=0.018) and feto-maternal HLA-A and/or -DR compatibility (p=0.009 and p=0.01 respectively). Finally, CB samples positive for MMc were significantly enriched in CD56+ cells compared to CB negative for MMc. Conclusions: We have identified two factors, measurable at early pregnancy, predicting the presence of maternal cells in CB samples at delivery. We have shown that MMc in CB samples could have an influence on the hematopoietic composition of fetal cells. CD56 is the phenotypic marker of natural killer cells (NK) and NK cells are known to be the main effector for graft versus leukemia reactions early after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These results emphasize the importance of MMc investigation for CB banking strategies.

Soluble HLA-G Expression Inversely Correlates With Fetal Microchimerism Levels in Peripheral Blood From Women With Scleroderma.

Women with scleroderma (SSc) maintain significantly higher quantities of persisting fetal microchimerism (FMc) from complete or incomplete pregnancies in their peripheral blood compared to healthy women. The non-classical class-I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule HLA-G plays a pivotal role for the implantation and maintenance of pregnancy and has often been investigated in offspring from women with pregnancy complications. However data show that maternal HLA-G polymorphisms as well as maternal soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) expression could influence pregnancy outcome. Here, we aimed to investigate the underlying role of maternal sHLA-G expression and HLA-G polymorphisms on the persistence of FMc. We measured sHLA-G levels by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in plasma samples from 88 healthy women and 74 women with SSc. Male Mc was quantified by DYS14 real-time PCR in blood samples from 58 women who had previously given birth to at least one male child. Furthermore, eight HLA-G 5'URR/3'UTR polymorphisms, previously described as influencing HLA-G expression, were performed on DNA samples from 96 healthy women and 106 women with SSc. Peripheral sHLA-G was at lower concentration in plasma from SSc (76.2 ± 48.3 IU/mL) compared to healthy women (117.5 ± 60.1 IU/mL, p < 0.0001), independently of clinical subtypes, autoantibody profiles, disease duration, or treatments. Moreover, sHLA-G levels were inversely correlated to FMc quantities (Spearman correlation, p < 0.01). Finally, women with SSc had lower sHLA-G independently of the eight HLA-G 5'URR/3'UTR polymorphisms, although they were statistically more often homozygous than heterozygous for HLA-G polymorphism genotypes -716 (G/T), -201 (G/A), 14 bp (ins/del), and +3,142 (G/A) than healthy women. In conclusion, women with SSc display less sHLA-G expression independently of the eight HLA-G polymorphisms tested. This decreased production correlates with higher quantities of persisting FMc commonly observed in blood from SSc women. These results shed some lights on the contribution of the maternal HLA-G protein to long-term persistent fetal Mc and initiate new perspectives in this field.

Loss of caspase-8 protects mice against inflammation-related hepatocarcinogenesis but induces non-apoptotic liver injury.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Disruption of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO) in hepatocytes of mice (NEMO(Δhepa) mice) results in spontaneous liver apoptosis and chronic liver disease involving inflammation, steatosis, fibrosis, and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Activation of caspase-8 (Casp8) initiates death receptor-mediated apoptosis. We investigated the pathogenic role of this protease in NEMO(Δhepa) mice or after induction of acute liver injury. METHODS: We created mice with conditional deletion of Casp8 in hepatocytes (Casp8(Δhepa)) and Casp8(Δhepa)NEMO(Δhepa) double knockout mice. Acute liver injury was induced by Fas-activating antibodies, lipopolysaccharides, or concanavalin A. Spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis was monitored by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Casp8 protected mice from induction of apoptosis and liver injury by Fas or lipopolysaccharides but increased necrotic damage and reduced survival times of mice given concanavalin A. Casp8(Δhepa)NEMO(Δhepa) mice were protected against steatosis and hepatocarcinogenesis but had a separate, spontaneous phenotype that included massive liver necrosis, cholestasis, and biliary lesions. The common mechanism by which inactivation of Casp8 induces liver necrosis in both injury models involves the formation of protein complexes that included the adaptor protein Fas-associated protein with death domain and the kinases receptor-interacting protein (RIP) 1 and RIP3-these have been shown to be required for programmed necrosis. We demonstrated that hepatic RIP1 was proteolytically cleaved by Casp8, whereas Casp8 inhibition resulted in accumulation of RIP complexes and subsequent liver necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of Casp8 protects mice from hepatocarcinogenesis following chronic liver injury mediated by apoptosis of hepatocytes but can activate RIP-mediated necrosis in an inflammatory environment.

Activation of ectopic Oct-4 and Rex-1 promoters in human amniotic fluid cells.

Recently, amniotic fluid was suggested as a new source for stem-cell research and tissue engineering approaches. In order to enable isolation of stem cells and establishment of lines of such cells with an undifferentiated phenotype we have introduced green fluorescent protein regulated by the promoters of the stem cell-specific genes, Oct-4 or Rex-1, into human amniotic fluid cells. For the introduction of DNA into human amniotic fluid cells, we have optimized a specific transfection protocol. We found that human amniotic fluid contains cell populations which are able to activate these promoters. These undifferentiated cells expressing green fluorescent protein can be analysed on a flow cytometer. In addition, we have introduced a plasmid harboring a neomycin-resistance gene under the control of the Oct-4 promoter. G418 selection allowed the isolation of undifferentiated stem cells expressing Oct-4 protein out of human amniotic fluid samples. Our findings confirm the existence of stem cells within amniotic fluid. In addition, the ability to transfect human amniotic fluid cells and to isolate stem-cell marker-positive cells will provide the means to study and manipulate these cells for the purpose of basic and applied research.