Large Shape Staggering in Neutron-Deficient Bi Isotopes.

The changes in the mean-square charge radius (relative to ^{209}Bi), magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole moments of ^{187,188,189,191}Bi were measured using the in-source resonance-ionization spectroscopy technique at ISOLDE (CERN). A large staggering in radii was found in ^{187,188,189}Bi^{g}, manifested by a sharp radius increase for the ground state of ^{188}Bi relative to the neighboring ^{187,189}Bi^{g}. A large isomer shift was also observed for ^{188}Bi^{m}. Both effects happen at the same neutron number, N=105, where the shape staggering and a similar isomer shift were observed in the mercury isotopes. Experimental results are reproduced by mean-field calculations where the ground or isomeric states were identified by the blocked quasiparticle configuration compatible with the observed spin, parity, and magnetic moment.

Determination of PAH sources in dated sediments from Green Bay, Wisconsin, by a chemical mass balance model.

Six sediment cores were collected from Green Bay, Wisconsin, in order to identify possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by a chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The cores which were obtained in 1995 had total PAH concentrations between 8.04 and 0.460 ppm. 210Pb and 137Cs dating was used to determine historical trends of PAH inputs, and elemental carbon particle analysis was done to characterize particles from combustion of coal, wood and petroleum. The results show that coke burning, highway dust, and wood burning are likely sources of PAHs to Green Bay. The contribution of coke oven emissions (CB) for the Green Bay cores is in the range of 5 to 90%. The overall highway dust (HWY) contribution is between 5 and 70%. There is a maximum (approximately 67%) contribution of HWY around 1988 which is in agreement with the historical US petroleum consumption. The wood burning (WB) contribution is between 1 to 30%, except in core GB-A where a maximum (approximately 50%) is found around 1994. The average relative errors of measurement for x2 equal to the number of degrees of freedom, are 52.5, 56.2, 36.2, 52.3, and 42.8 (df = 3) for the Green Bay cores A, B, C, E, and F, respectively. The sums of the contribution factors are less than one, indicating gain of inert biological or other bulk material between source and receptor. The results of carbon particles for Green Bay core D show that coal, oil, and wood burning are consistent with the CMB modeling results.

The Person-In-Environment System for classifying client problems: A new tool for more effective case management.

This article outlines the application of the Person-In-Environment system for the classification of problems which clients bring to case managers. The PIE system, sponsored by the National Association of Social Workers, Inc., concisely describes social role, environmental, mental health, and physical health problems in a format that allows for a clear delineation of the appropriate targets for case management intervention. The article also illustrates the system's use with three case management vignettes involving child protective services, the chronically mentally ill, and older adults.

Retraining hospital staff for work in community programs in California.

In 1972 the California Department of Mental Hygiene offered special courses to retrain for community work those state hospital employees who might lose their jobs when the hospitals were closed. The courses were conducted by the Centers for Training in Community Psychiatry. The author describes the development, implementation, and structure of the Los Angeles course. He also presents findings that show that while participants considered the course valuable, most opted to return to the state hospital instead of taking jobs they had been offered at community mental health centers. Participants who did take community jobs tended to be slightly younger and better educated and had fewer years of experience in state hospital service than did those who returned to the hospital.