Covered Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Improves Hypersplenism-Associated Cytopenia in Cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cirrhosis often develop portal hypertension-associated splenomegaly and hypersplenism, potentially causing severe cytopenia. AIMS: Systematic assessment on the impact of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) implantation on platelet count (PLT), hemoglobin (Hb), and white blood cell count (WBC). METHODS: Patients with cirrhosis undergoing covered TIPS implantation were retrospectively included. Patients with malignancies or hematologic disorders were excluded. Hematology lab work was recorded at baseline (pre-TIPS) and at regular intervals after TIPS. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-two patients (male: 72.4%, age: 56 ± 10 years; MELD: 12.1 ± 3.6) underwent TIPS implantation. Higher-grade (≥ G2) thrombocytopenia (PLT < 100 G/L) was present in 54 (28.7%), ≥ G2 anemia (Hb < 10 g/dL) in 57 (29.7%), and ≥ G2 leukopenia (WBC < 2 G/L) in 3 (1.6%) patients pre-TIPS, respectively. Resolution of ≥ G2 thrombocytopenia, anemia, and leukopenia occurred in 24/55 (43.6%), 23/57 (40.4%), and 2/3 (66.7%), respectively. Similar results were also observed in the subgroup of patients without 'bleeding' TIPS-indication, with improvements of G ≥ 2 thrombocytopenia and of G ≥ 2 anemia in 19.8% and 10.2% of patients after TIPS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Thrombocytopenia, anemia, and leukopenia frequently improved after TIPS. Therefore, moderate- to higher-grade thrombocytopenia should not be regarded as a contraindication against TIPS, but rather be considered in case of severe thrombocytopenia-particularly prior to surgery or interventions.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) for the prevention of variceal re-bleeding - A two decades experience.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) are used in patients with cirrhosis for the prevention of variceal rebleeding. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated re-bleeding rate, patency, mortality, and transplant-free survival (TFS) in cirrhotic patients receiving TIPS implantation for variceal bleeding between 1994-2014. RESULTS: 286 patients received TIPS (n = 119 bare metal stents, n = 167 polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE)-covered stents) for prevention of variceal re-bleeding. Mean age was 55.1 years, median MELD was 11.8, and the main etiology of cirrhosis was alcoholic liver disease (70%). Median follow-up was 821 days. 67 patients (23%) experienced at least one re-bleeding event. Patients with PTFE-TIPS were at significantly lower risk for variceal re-bleeding than patients with bare metal stents (14% vs. 37%, OR:0.259; p<0.001) and had less need for stent revision (21% vs. 37%; p = 0.024). Patients with PTFE stent grafts showed lower mortality than patients with bare stents after 1 year (19% vs. 31%, p = 0.020) and 2 years (29% vs. 40%; p = 0.041) after TIPS implantation. Occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy after TIPS was similar between groups (20% vs. 24%, p = 0.449). CONCLUSIONS: PTFE-TIPS were more effective at preventing variceal re-bleeding than bare metal stents due to better patency. Since this tended to translate in improved survival, only covered stents should be implemented for bleeding prophylaxis when TIPS is indicated.

ePTFE-TIPS vs repetitive LVP plus albumin for the treatment of refractory ascites in patients with cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Reduction in portal pressure by self-expandable polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)-covered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) is a treatment option for refractory ascites. Data on clinical outcomes after ePTFE-TIPS vs repetitive large-volume paracentesis (LVP) plus albumin (A) administration for the treatment of patients with refractory ascites are limited. METHODS: Retrospective comparison of ePTFE-TIPS vs LVP+A in terms of (i) control of ascites, (ii) occurrence of overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and (iii) transplant-free survival in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. RESULTS: Among n = 221 patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites, n = 140 received ePTFE-TIPS and were compared to n = 71 patients undergoing repetitive LVP+A. After ePTFE-TIPS, ascites was controlled without any further need for paracentesis in n = 76 (54%; n = 7 without and n = 69 with diuretics). The need for frequent large-volume paracentesis was significantly higher in the LVP+A group than with ePTFE-TIPS (median 0.67 (IQR: 0.23-2.63) months vs 49.5 (IQR: 5.07-102.60) months until paracentesis, log-rank P < .001). De-novo incidence of HE was similar in ePTFE-TIPS and LVP+A patients (log-rank P = .361). Implantation of ePTFE-TIPS was associated with improved 1-year survival as compared to LVP+A (65.6% vs 48.4%, log-rank P = .033). Age (odds ratio (OR):1.05; 95% confidence interval (95% CI):1.03-1.07; P < .001), serum albumin (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92-0.99; P = .013) and hepatocellular carcinoma (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.06-2.58; P = .026) emerged as independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS: ePTFE-TIPS results in superior control of ascites without increasing the risk for overt HE as compared to LVP+A. Although ePTFE-TIPS improved 1-year survival in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites, its use was not independently associated with transplant-free survival.

Austrian consensus guidelines on the management and treatment of portal hypertension (Billroth III).

The Billroth III guidelines were developed during a consensus meeting of the Austrian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (ÖGGH) and the Austrian Society of Interventional Radiology (ÖGIR) held on 18 February 2017 in Vienna. Based on international guidelines and considering recent landmark studies, the Billroth III recommendations aim to help physicians in guiding diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in patients with portal hypertension.

Re-bleeding rates and survival after early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Early implantation (<72h) of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) after acute variceal bleeding (AVB) improves survival in highly selected patients. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed bleeding control and survival of unselected cirrhotic patients undergoing early TIPS implantation within 72h. We compared the outcomes to patients meeting early TIPS criteria but receiving late TIPS within 3-28days after AVB and endoscopic/medical treatment. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were included. Mean MELD was 14.4 (±4.4). Thirteen patients (26.5%) presented characteristics that were exclusion criteria in previous early TIPS trials (age>75, CPS>13, HCC>Milan, previous beta-blocker/band-ligation, renal insufficiency). Bare metal and PTFE-covered stents were used in n=32 (65.3%) and n=17 (34.7%) patients, respectively, and showed similar early re-bleeding rates (9.9% vs. 7.1%; p=0.6905) and bleeding-related mortality (25.0% vs. 23.5%; p=0.9906). However, overall re-bleeding rate was lower with PTFE-TIPS (7.7% vs. 64.2%; p=0.0044) over a median follow-up of 18.5 months with a tendency towards improved survival (median 70.5 vs. 13.8 months; p=0.204). Additional 68 patients meeting stringent criteria but receiving late TIPS also showed a favorable bleeding-related mortality (8.8%), which was not achieved in similar n=34 patients by a medical/endoscopic strategy with bleeding-related mortality of 35.7%. CONCLUSIONS: An early TIPS strategy using covered stents and implementation of 'stringent criteria' results in a favorable outcome in patients with acute variceal bleeding.

Austrian Joint ÖGGH-ÖGIR-ÖGHO-ASSO position statement on the use of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequently applied standard treatments for this disease. The role for TACE is fairly well defined within the most widely used treatment algorithm for HCC, die Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system and treatment algorithm. But no general treatment algorithm will go into the technical details of any procedure and several patients will not fit ideally into the patient groups predefined in BCLC or any other treatment algorithm. Furthermore, indications and contraindications sometimes are viewed differently by the various medical specialties involved in taking care of such patients. We present here the joint expert position statement of the Austrian Societies of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (ÖGGH), Interventional Radiology (ÖGIR), Hematology and Oncology (ÖGHO), and Surgical Oncology (ASSO) on the technical aspects, indications, and contraindication for the use of TACE in the management of HCC.

Does carotid stent cell design matter?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Carotid stent cell design has recently been suggested to be a determinant of periprocedural and early postprocedural neurologic complications. We investigated the impact of closed- versus open-cell stent design on neurologic adverse events and mortality after carotid artery stenting. METHODS: We studied 1684 consecutive patients (1010 asymptomatic, 674 symptomatic) from 10 European centers who underwent carotid artery stenting with either closed-cell (n=859, 51%) or open-cell (n=825, 49%) design stents. Rates of transient ischemic attack, stroke, and death on the day of the procedure (acute events) and from day 1 to day 30 after the procedure (subacute events) were analyzed (95% CIs). RESULTS: Combined transient ischemic attack, stroke, or death rates, and stroke or death rates within 30 days of treatment were 6.1% (95% CI, 5.0 to 7.2) and 3.1% (95% CI, 2.3 to 3.9) for the closed-cell design versus 4.1% (95% CI, 3.2 to 5.0) and 2.4% (95% CI, 1.7 to 3.1) for the open-cell design stents (P=0.077, P=0.38), respectively, without significant differences in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. By propensity-score-adjusted multivariable analysis, the open-cell carotid stent design was not associated with a differential risk for combined acute and subacute neurologic complications compared with closed-cell stents (adjusted odds ratio=0.84, P=0.53). When analyzed separately, the risk for acute events on the day of the procedure (adjusted odds ratio=0.83, P=0.57) and the risk for subacute events at days 1 to 30 (adjusted odds ratio=1.61, P=0.51) also were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Current data do not support the superiority of a specific carotid stent cell design with respect to neurologic complications, stroke, and mortality risk.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in Vienna--a decade later.

Implantation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for therapy of portal hypertension has been available in Vienna, Austria, since 1991. Ten years of experience with this technique led the Vienna TIPS Study Group to retrospectively analyse characteristics and outcome of all patients undergoing TIPS in Vienna between 1991 and 2001. Survival and subgroup analyses were performed using Mann Whitney U-tests, log-rank tests, Spearman's correlation and Kaplan-Meier analyses. A total of 523 patients underwent TIPS; 23 for acute variceal bleeding, 350 for prevention of variceal bleeding, and 109 for therapy of refractory ascites. Portal hypertension was caused by cirrhosis in 503 patients; 20 presented with other diseases. 253 patients died within the study period, median follow-up was 5.07 years, median survival 4.51 years. The 3-month, 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates were 83%, 71%, 57%, and 49%, respectively. Etiology of cirrhosis had no effect on survival; patients with TIPS for refractory ascites had poorer survival rates than those undergoing TIPS for prevention of rebleeding. TIPS is a safe and effective therapy for patients with portal hypertension. The first decade of TIPS in Vienna has shown, in line with other publications, that good criteria for patient selection, effective post-interventional management, and close cooperation between internists, interventional radiologists and liver-transplant centers are the key for a good outcome.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation with the Viatorr expanded polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent-graft.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the midterm clinical results and patency of transjugular portosystemic shunts (TIPS) created with a commercially available expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)-covered stent-graft based on angiographic and ultrasonographic (US) criteria in a series of 71 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-one patients (61 men, 10 women; mean age, 58.6 years, range, 25-78 years) were included in this series, which was performed in two centers. Indications for TIPS creation were refractory ascites (n = 44) and recurrent esophageal bleeding (n = 27). Ten patients had Child-Pugh class A liver cirrhosis, 43 had class B disease, and 18 had class C disease. Underlying liver diseases were alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 58), cirrhosis resulting from hepatitis (n = 9), cryptogenic cirrhosis (n = 3), and Budd-Chiari syndrome (n = 1). TIPS were created with commercially available ePTFE-covered stent-grafts in all patients. The diameters of the stent-grafts were 10 mm in 58 patients and 8 mm in the remaining 13 patients. Follow-up included clinical examination and color-coded US after 5 days, 1, 3, and 6 months, and every 6 months thereafter. Shunt angiograms were obtained every 6 months. Median follow-up was 16.3 months (range, 3.8-26.6 months). RESULTS: TIPS creation was successful in all patients without complications, and effective portal decompression was observed with a reduction of the mean portal gradient from 19 mm Hg to 6 mm Hg before and after TIPS creation. Four shunt occlusions were observed after 5 days, 2 months, 3 months, and 6 months. Shunt stenosis was observed in three patients at the hepatic vein, which was not fully covered by the stent-graft, after 6 months (n = 2) and 12 months, and at the portal side after 1 month in a patient who initially had portal vein thrombosis. The repeat intervention rate was 11.3%. The primary patency rates were 87.4% (95% CI, 77.7%-97.1%) after 6 months and 80.8% (95% CI, 68.2%-93.4%) after 12 months. The rate of de novo or deteriorated hepatic encephalopathy was 31%. The recurrent bleeding rate was 3.7% (one of 27), and ascites improved or resolved in 64% of patients after 1 month. CONCLUSION: TIPS patency can be significantly increased if the ePTFE-covered stent-graft is used for shunt creation. The increased shunt patency contributes to low repeat intervention and recurrent bleeding rates. The rate of hepatic encephalopathy is within the range of previously reported rates.

Survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: ePTFE-covered stentgrafts versus bare stents.

In patients with liver cirrhosis, implantation of a transjugular intrahepatic shunt (TIPS) leads to reduction of portal pressure, but not of mortality compared with other therapies. The high stenosis rates of conventional bare stents causes high reintervention rates and costs and may be correlated with poor survival. ePTFE-covered stentgrafts provide much improved patency rates, but their impact on survival is unclear. All suitable patients receiving either bare TIPS (419/466) or undergoing implantation of ePTFE endoprostheses (89/100) in several centers in Austria up to 2002 were included in this retrospective analysis. Both patient groups were compared regarding survival with Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. Unmatched and 1:1-matched survival analyses were performed. Patients undergoing ePTFE stentgraft implantation had significantly higher survival rates in all analyses. The 3-month, 1-year, and 2-year survival rates were 93%, 88%, and 76% for the ePTFE-group and 83%, 73%, and 62% for conventional TIPS patients, respectively. The matched survival analyses validated these findings. The model of the stent, patient age, and Child-Pugh Class (CPC) were independent predictors of survival. In conclusion, patients undergoing ePTFE-endoprosthesis implantation had higher survival rates within 2 years after TIPS-implantation. This may be the result of improved patency rates after correct placement (up to the inferior caval vein [ICV]) of the ePTFE stentgraft. These data should be validated in a prospective series.