Multi-GWAS reveals significant genomic regions for Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus resistance in urdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) across multiple environments.

KEY MESSAGE: Unraveling genetic markers for MYMIV resistance in urdbean, with 8 high-confidence marker-trait associations identified across diverse environments, provides crucial insights for combating MYMIV disease, informing future breeding strategies. Globally, yellow mosaic disease (YMD) causes significant yield losses, reaching up to 100% in favorable environments within major urdbean cultivating regions. The introgression of genomic regions conferring resistance into urdbean cultivars is crucial for combating YMD, including resistance against mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV). To uncover the genetic basis of MYMIV resistance, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using three multi-locus models in 100 diverse urdbean genotypes cultivated across six individual and two combined environments. Leveraging 4538 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, we identified 28 unique significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) for MYMIV resistance, with 8 MTAs considered of high confidence due to detection across multiple GWAS models and/or environments. Notably, 4 out of 28 MTAs were found in proximity to previously reported genomic regions associated with MYMIV resistance in urdbean and mungbean, strengthening our findings and indicating consistent genomic regions for MYMIV resistance. Among the eight highly significant MTAs, one localized on chromosome 6 adjacent to previously identified quantitative trait loci for MYMIV resistance, while the remaining seven were novel. These MTAs contain several genes implicated in disease resistance, including four common ones consistently found across all eight MTAs: receptor-like serine-threonine kinases, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, pentatricopeptide repeat, and ankyrin repeats. Previous studies have linked these genes to defense against viral infections across different crops, suggesting their potential for further basic research involving cloning and utilization in breeding programs. This study represents the first GWAS investigation aimed at identifying resistance against MYMIV in urdbean germplasm.

Controlling the growth rate of cancer cell.

OBJECTIVE: To control the rate of growth of the cancer cell is the objective of this paper. In cancer, the rate of the growth of the cancer cell is indefinite. This paper proposes a method to transform into definite rate of growth of the cancer cell from indefinite. This indefiniteness lies with the set of unknown elements. This paper finds these unknown elements by matrix method.

Curing cancer by cancer function.

OBJECTIVE: Cancer is the disease which exists when the cell is uncontrolled. This paper presents a controller for the same. The cancer cell is reviewed via algebraic structures.

A direction to prepare the cancer vaccine.

OBJECTIVE: The vaccine of the cancer can be prepared. This paper presents a direction for preparing the vaccine of cancer by algebraic and geometric study of the cancer cell.

Cancer Cell Controller.

OBJECTIVE: Cancer is the disease which exists when the cell is uncontrolled. This paper presents a controller for the same. The cancer cell is reviewed via algebraic structures.

Cancer medicine: a direction.

OBJECTIVE: The medicine of cancer is directed in this paper. The pie theory is applied for the proposed medicine. The improbability and un-constancy are the major theories, which are used to design this anti-cancer medicine.

Cancer Cell Controller.

OBJECTIVE: Cancer is the disease which exists when the cell is uncontrolled. This paper presents a controller for the same. The cancer cell is reviewed via algebraic structures.

Cancer Control Algorithm.

OBJECTIVE: Curing cancer by controlling the growth of the cancer cell is the objective of this paper. The growth of the cancer cell is analysed by the optimization programming. The algorithm is proposed for minimizing the rate of growth of the cancer cell. Hence the chaotic cancer became structured for the further research. This is an extended work of Warburg [1], where he defined the centre of the cancer cell, known by Warburg effect, but here we control the increasing radius of the cancer circle by the proposed Cancer Control Algorithm.

Cancer-meter: measure and cure.

OBJECTIVE: This paper presents a theory and system on "Cancer-Meter'. This idea came through the statement that "cancer is curable if it is measurable". The Cancer-Meter proves that it is possible. This paper proposes the cancer-meter in two ways, theoretical and electronically, as per the measurement and treatment. By the mathematics, first part is defined but the second part is based on computer programming, electrical and electronics. Thus, the cancer-meter is a programmed-electrical-electronic device which measures and cures the cancer both.

Mathematical directions for curing the cancer disease: theory and practice.

In this paper, we present a mathematical direction for curing the cancer disease. To completely destroy the cancer cell is the maximum objective and to completely stop the increasing cancer cell is the minimum objective, these two are the main fundamental reason to the given this result. We observed that, if we scientifically and keen study of the algebraic and geometrical structure of the selected or identified cancer affected region then we find this result and we try to present this idea with the help of the important theorem. We also present this theory with the simplest model, application, experimental and practical approach. This theory is not only represented step by step by the simplest algorithmic techniques but also demonstrated with the artistic and scientific style to understand deeply the beautiful combination of mathematics and biology which is later rapidly accelerated to the medical sciences.