Complicated grief and bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine whether a set of symptoms interpreted as complicated grief could be identified and distinguished from bereavement-related depression and whether the presence of complicated grief would predict enduring functional impairments. METHOD: Data were derived from a study group of 82 recently widowed elderly individuals recruited for an investigation of physiological changes in bereaved persons. Baseline data were collected 3-6 months after the deaths of the subjects' spouses, and follow-up data were collected from 56 of the subjects 18 months after the baseline assessments. Candidate items for assessing complicated grief came from a variety of scales used to evaluate emotional functioning (e.g., the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Brief Symptom Inventory). The outcome variables measured were global functioning, medical illness burden, sleep, mood, self-esteem, and anxiety. RESULTS: A principal-components analysis conducted on intake data (N = 82) revealed a complicated grief factor and a bereavement-depression factor. Seven symptoms constituted complicated grief: searching, yearning, preoccupation with thoughts of the deceased, crying, disbelief regarding the death, feeling stunned by the death, and lack of acceptance of the death. Baseline complicated grief scores were significantly associated with impairments in global functioning, mood, sleep, and self-esteem in the 56 subjects available for follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The symptoms of complicated grief may be distinct from depressive symptoms and appear to be associated with enduring functional impairments. The symptoms of complicated grief, therefore, appear to define a unique disorder deserving of specialized treatment.

Level of function predicts first stroke in the elderly.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our aim in this study was to assess physical function as a predictor of stroke incidence in a probability sample of noninstitutionalized elderly subjects with no previous history of stroke. SUMMARY OF REPORT: The data were obtained from a prospective longitudinal study of 2,812 individuals aged 65 years of age and older living in New Haven, Connecticut. Incidence of stroke was monitored from the baseline interview in 1982 until December 1988 (n = 167). Physical function was measured by the Katz scale of activities of daily living and a three-item scale measuring gross mobility function (Rosow scale). Both measures of impairment of function were independently associated with stroke incidence controlling for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, and angina (p less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that in elderly persons, physical disability is a newly identified risk factor for stroke.