Correction to: Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of severe COVID-19.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s41231-021-00095-0.].

Shear rate is a better marker of symptomatic ischemic cerebrovascular events than velocity or diameter in severe carotid artery stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the high shear rate of flow in the area of carotid stenosis is associated with the incidence of ischemic symptoms in patients with a high degree of carotid stenosis. METHODS: This is a case-control study of patients with >70% stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) identified by duplex ultrasound in an Intersocietal Accreditation Commission-accredited laboratory during 1 year. Symptomatic patients were included in the study group, and asymptomatic patients served as controls. Shear rates were calculated from high-resolution ultrasound images. Descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to account for confounding factors. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to compare diagnostic values of shear rate, velocities, and diameters of the ICA. RESULTS: The study included 308 patients (55.5% male; mean age, 73 ± 10 years); 209 of them were asymptomatic and 99 were symptomatic. The mean shear rate was 7930 s-1 for asymptomatic and 9338 s-1 for symptomatic patients. Receiver operating characteristic curve identified a cutoff value of 8000 s-1 to differentiate between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients; 92% of asymptomatic patients and 8.0% of symptomatic patients had a shear rate of <8000 s-1 compared with 48.5% asymptomatic and 51.5% symptomatic who had a shear rate ≥8000 s-1. Patients who had a shear rate higher than this cutoff value were 12 times more likely to be symptomatic than those with a shear rate <8000 s-1 (odds ratio, 12.1; 95% confidence interval, 6.12-24.09). Sensitivity and specificity were 84.8% and 61.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with >70% ICA stenosis, the shear rate is associated with the prevalence of symptomatic cerebrovascular ischemic events. A shear rate of 8000 s-1 and above may be used as a predictor for having symptomatic cerebrovascular ischemic events. Further validation as well as further study of the pathologic mechanism connecting the high shear rate and ischemic cerebrovascular events is needed.

Timing of Hospital-acquired Venous Thromboembolism and Its Relationship with Venous Thromboembolism Prevention Measures in Immobile Patients.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to describe the timing of venous thromboembolism (VTE) diagnosis in patients with cerebral or spinal trauma and stroke and describe the relationships between VTE prophylaxis and timing of VTE diagnosis at a community hospital. METHODS: Retrospective cohort observational study over a span of 10 years from 2006 to 2016 was conducted. RESULTS: Lower extremity ultrasound surveillance identified 138 patients who developed VTE during their hospital stay (mean age 62 years, 61.6% males). Mechanical prophylaxis was used in 79.7% and pharmacologic prophylaxis in 78.3% of patients. The average time of admission to administration of mechanical prophylaxis was 1.92 and 7.7 days for pharmacologic prophylaxis. In patients who received pharmacologic prophylaxis within 2 days, 51.5% of all VTE events occurred during the first week, 73.5% by the second week, and 91.2% by the third week of the hospital stay. In patients who started pharmacologic prophylaxis after 2 days in the hospital, 85% of all VTE events occurred within the first week and 90% within 10 days of the hospital stay (P < 0.001). The timing of initiation of mechanical prophylaxis did not influence the timing of VTE events. CONCLUSIONS: In immobilized patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury, or spinal cord injury, VTE screening should be performed at different schedules based on the timing of initiation of pharmacologic prophylaxis. In patients who did not start prophylaxis during the first 2 days of admission to the hospital, the majority of the VTE events occurred during the first 10 days.

Optimal Compression Therapy and Wound Care for Venous Ulcers.

Venous leg ulcers remain a major public health issue with significant economic impact. Two main components of the management of patients with venous leg ulcers are compression therapy and wound care. This article addresses principles and specific aspects of compression therapy and focal wound care for patients with venous leg ulcers.

Venous disease patient registries available in the United States.

Patient registries are beneficial in that they allow the collection of prospective data focused on a specific medical issue. These registries give providers a "real-world" view of patient outcomes. Many medical disciplines have a long history of developing and using patient registries; the first patient registry for chronic venous disease in the United States was launched in 2011, fairly recently in comparison. Registries included in this review were identified by surveying members of major academic societies that focus on the care of chronic venous disease and by searching MEDLINE and Embase databases using Ovid interface. Medical directors of four of the five databases available in the United States completed a standard questionnaire, and the answers served as the basis for this review. This review is not a comparison of registries; it does, however, describe the common and unique features of four venous registries currently available in the United States with the purpose of increasing awareness of and fostering participation in these registries.

Cilostazol May Improve Maturation Rates and Durability of Vascular Access for Hemodialysis.

Cilostazol is effective in controlling pathophysiological pathways similar or identical to those involved in nonmaturation and failure of the arteriovenous access. This case-control study examined whether cilostazol would improve maturation rates and durability of vascular access for hemodialysis. The treatment group included 33 patients who received cilostazol for ≥30 days prior to creation of a dialysis access and continued with cilostazol therapy for ≥60 days after surgery. The matched (gender, age, race, diabetes, and the year of surgery) control group included 116 patients who underwent the same procedure but did not receive cilostazol prior to and at least 3 months after surgery. Primary outcomes were maturation and, for those that matured, time of functioning access, defined as the time from the first use to irreparable failure of the access. Secondary outcomes were time to maturation, complications, and time to first complication. Study group patients were 3.8 times more likely to experience fistula maturation compared to the controls (88% vs 66%, RR = 3.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-11.6, P = .016). Fewer patients in the study group had complications (76% vs 92%, P = .025), and the time from construction of the fistula to the first complication was longer (345.6 ± 441 days vs 198.3 ± 185.0 days, P = .025). Time to maturation was similar in both groups (119.3 ± 62.9 days vs 100.2 ± 61.7 days, P = .2). However, once matured, time to failure was significantly longer in the treatment group (903.7 ± 543.6 vs 381.6 ± 317.2 days, P = .001). Multivariate analysis confirmed that the likelihood of maturation was significantly higher in the treatment group patients. These results suggest that dialysis access patients may benefit from preoperative and postoperative cilostazol therapy. If confirmed by a randomized trial, this treatment will have a major beneficial impact on patients dependent on a well-functioning access for their hemodialysis.

Femoral artery complications after cardiac catheterization: a study of patient profile.

BACKGROUND: Femoral artery complications after cardiac catheterization range from simple events to severe complications requiring invasive techniques or surgery with significant economic costs. This study evaluated early femoral arterial complications from percutaneous arterial access during diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterizations in an era of widespread use of closure devices and intense anticoagulation. METHODS: Patients undergoing percutaneous cardiac catheterization via the femoral artery between August 2005 and December 2005 were identified using an ICD-9 patient database. Forty-six data points were extracted by retrospective chart review, including demographics, comorbidities, type of anticoagulation, procedural details, and postprocedural complications. Univariable analysis and binary logistic regression were used to determine factors associated with complications. RESULTS: Eighty-two of 579 patients (14%) suffered complications. The most common complications were hematomas (51 patients, 10%) and active bleeding (14 patients, 2.4%). Closure devices were used in 470 patients. After multivariable correction, use of preprocedural (odds ratio [OR]=5.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.58-12.3, p<0.001) and intraprocedural (OR=4.88, 95% CI 1.95-12.3, p<0.001) antithrombotic agents (antiplatelet and/or anticoagulants), intraprocedural clopidogrel (OR=2.98, 95% CI 1.21-7.30, p=0.017), and postprocedural heparin (OR=29.4, 95% CI 3.56-250, p=0.002) were associated with increased risk. Coronary artery disease was associated with increased risk (OR=11.1, 95% CI 4.78-25.6, p<0.001), while use of a closure device (OR=0.263, 95% CI 0.125-0.553, p<0.001), male gender (OR=0.421, 95% CI 0.220-0.805, p=0.009), and prior catheterization (OR=0.033, 95% CI 0.012-0.095, p<0.001) were protective. CONCLUSION: With increasing numbers of complex coronary endovascular procedures and widespread use of high-dose multidrug antithrombotic therapy, femoral artery injuries will continue to be a significant risk for patients. Postprocedural monitoring with a high level of suspicion and use of vascular closure devices in high-risk patients may decrease the incidence of femoral artery complications. The use of vascular closure devices after low-risk procedures in male patients or those with previous ipsilateral catheterization might not be warranted but needs further study.

Prevention of cardiopulmonary embolization of polymethylmethacrylate cement fragment after kyphoplasty with insertion of inferior vena cava filter.

We report the case of a 51-year-old woman who underwent kyphoplasty with polymethylmethacrylate for painful compression fracture of the third lumbar vertebra. Infiltration of cement into the inferior vena cava, noted intraoperatively, was confirmed with postoperative CT scan. A Greenfield filter was placed to prevent cardiopulmonary embolization of the fragment. On follow-up x-rays, the cement fragment was found to have detached and embolized into the vena cava filter. Endovascular technique was used to retrieve it to the common femoral vein with subsequent successful removal of the crescent-like fragment with operative exploration. Patient was asymptomatic at four-week follow-up visit.

Operative management of an aberrant splenic artery aneurysm: Utility of the medial visceral rotation approach: a case report and review of the literature.

The authors report an unusual case of a splenic artery aneurysm arising off the superior mesenteric artery. This was an incidental finding on computed tomography scan found during evaluation for a different or a separate disease process.

A multidisciplinary approach to carotid paragangliomas.

The surgical management of carotid paragangliomas can be problematic. A multidisciplinary approach was used to include vascular surgery, otolaryngology, and neuroradiology to treat these patients over 9 years. From January 1992 to July 2001, a multidisciplinary team evaluated patients with carotid paragangliomas. Analyzed patient data included age, gender, diagnostic evaluation, tumor size, preoperative tumor embolization, operative exposure, need for extracranial arterial sacrifice/reconstruction, postoperative morbidity including cranial nerve dysfunction, and long-term follow-up. Twenty-five carotid paragangliomas in 20 patients underwent multidisciplinary evaluation and management. Average age was 51 years (range, 28-83 years), and 52% were male. Diagnostic evaluation included computed tomography in 76%, magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography in 52%, catheter angiography in 60%, and duplex ultrasonography in 16%. An extended neck exposure was required in 11 cases (44%), mandibulotomy was used once (4%), and mandibular subluxation was never required. The external carotid artery (ECA) was sacrificed in 8 cases (32%). The carotid bifurcation was resected in 1 patient (4%) requiring interposition reconstruction of the internal carotid artery. Preoperative tumor embolization was performed for 13 tumors (52%). Operative blood loss for patients undergoing preoperative embolization (Group I) was comparable to the nonembolized group (group II): group I lost 365 +/-180 mL versus 360 +/- 101 mL for group II (P = .48). This occurred despite larger tumors (group I - 4.2 cm versus group II - 2.1 cm, P = .03) and a higher mean Shamblin class (group I - 2.5 versus group II - 1.45, P = .001) for group I. There were no perioperative mortalities. Transient cranial nerve dysfunction occurred in 13 CBTs (52%), 2 (8%) of which remained present after 4 months. Patients with carotid paragangliomas benefit from a multidisciplinary team approach. Neuroradiology has been used for selective preoperative embolization, which has decreased estimated blood loss during excision of larger complex tumors. A combined surgical team of otolaryngology and vascular surgery provides for exposure of the distal internal carotid artery as high as the skull base, limited permanent cranial nerve dysfunction, and selective early division and excision of the external carotid artery for complete tumor resection.

Clinical benefit of carotid endarterectomy based on duplex ultrasonography.

Carotid endarterectomy has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of stroke caused by carotid artery stenosis in selected patients. Limiting the morbidity and costs of this process without increasing the risks should further improve the benefits of this procedure. Results were prospectively collected from 123 consecutive carotid endarterectomies performed at a community teaching hospital. All patients underwent duplex ultrasonography for preoperative evaluation. Catheter angiography was used on a selective basis. Preferential use of regional anesthetic and selective use of the intensive care unit were applied. The mortality, morbidity, complications, and costs were then compared for the group receiving only preoperative duplex ultrasonography with those undergoing catheter angiography preoperatively. Age, comorbid risk factors, indications for carotid endarterectomy, and incidence of stroke were similar in both patient groups. The rates of mortality, morbidity, and stroke for carotid endarterectomy were low (mortality 0%, morbidity 6.5%, stroke 0.8%). For preoperative evaluation all patients underwent duplex ultrasonography (100%) and 28 (23%) underwent preoperative catheter angiography in addition to duplex ultrasonography. The complication rate associated with catheter angiography was 6/28 (21%). Complications included groin hematoma (7%), pseudoaneurysm (3.6%), bradycardia (7%), and unstable angina (3.6%). Costs for duplex ultrasonography averaged 165 US dollars and additional costs incurred by the use of catheter angiography averaged 4,200 US dollars. Intraoperative assessment of the carotid endarterectomy site did not change based on the use of preoperative catheter angiography. Morbidity, mortality, and stroke rates were the same for the 2 groups. The preoperative use of duplex ultrasonography for the sole evaluation in carotid endarterectomy is well established. The use of preoperative catheter angiography is still preferred by a subset of surgeons. The use of catheter angiography is associated with significant morbidity and additional costs when compared to performing carotid endarterectomy based solely on preoperative duplex ultrasonography. The added costs and morbidity of angiography increase the societal cost of this procedure without significant clinical improvement in patient outcome.

Diagnostic options in assessing abdominal aortic endograft infection--a case report.

Endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms has gained widespread popularity in recent years. Stent grafts have emerged as another option in the surgeon's armamentarium in the treatment of aneurysmal disease. The infectivity of endovascular grafts and therapy for associated graft infections is unknown. Aortic graft infections have the potential for disastrous complications. This report presents a 72-year-old woman with persistent fever and an infected aortic stent graft in the early postoperative period.

Blunt injury to the external iliac artery: a case report.

Blunt vascular trauma is rare as compared with penetrating vascular trauma. The incidence of iliac artery injury has been reported as low as 0.4 per cent of total arterial trauma. Iliac artery injury in blunt trauma is rare because of its anatomic location and protection by the pelvis. This article presents a case of external iliac artery injury secondary to blunt trauma. A deceleration-type mechanism is suggested that results in the production of an intimal flap and later vessel thrombosis. We discuss the clinical details of presentation and angiographic diagnosis as well as treatment options.