Repression of heme oxygenase-1 by hypoxia in vascular endothelial cells.

Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), a rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism, has been reported to be induced by hypoxia. Unexpectedly, here we show that expression of HO-1 mRNA is repressed by hypoxia in primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), but is increased by cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) that is known to mimic hypoxia. Under the culture conditions used, the DNA-binding and transactivation activities of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 were increased in HUVECs by hypoxia or CoCl(2). Therefore, hypoxia and cobalt showed opposing effects on HO-1 mRNA expression, despite activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. The half-life of HO-1 mRNA was not changed by hypoxia, but was significantly prolonged by CoCl(2). Hypoxia also represses HO-1 mRNA expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells and astrocytes. The repression of HO-1 expression may represent the adaptation to hypoxia in certain cell types.

Interleukin-13 prevents diaphragm muscle deterioration in a septic animal model.

The effects of an intravenous injection of Interleukin-13 (IL-13) after endotoxin administration on diaphragm muscle were studied using Wistar rats. Two treatment groups, a control (saline+endotoxin) group and an IL-13 (IL-13+endotoxin) group were studied. E. coli endotoxin (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 5 minutes after saline or IL-13 (0.25 microg) injection. The force-frequency curves, twitch kinetics and fatigability were measured at 0 and 4 hours after endotoxin injection. The force-frequency curves and twitch tension in the control group were significantly lower at 4 hours than those at 0 hour due to endotoxin. On the other hand, IL-13 prevented the decrement of the force-frequency curves and twitch tension induced by endotoxin. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemistry showed positive staining at 4 hours due to endotoxin in the control group; however, IL-13 also blocked NADPH diaphorase staining at 4 hours. Furthermore, the positive muscle fibers detected by the NADPH diaphorase staining were classified as type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers by ATPase staining. We conclude that IL-13 prevents the deterioration of contraction induced by endotoxin by inhibiting nitric oxide production in the diaphragm muscle, mainly the type I muscle fibers.

Effects of adenovirus-mediated p16INK4A expression on cell cycle arrest are determined by endogenous p16 and Rb status in human cancer cells.

We constructed an adenoviral vector containing human p16 cDNA in order to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of exogenous p16 expression on cancer cell proliferation and to explore the potential use of p16 in cancer gene therapy. Following infection of human breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and BT549), osteosarcoma (U-2 OS and Saos-2), cervical (C33a), and lung cancer (H358) cell lines with the recombinant adenovirus Adp16, high levels of p16 expression were observed in all cell lines. Cancer cell lines which were mutant or null for p16 but wild-type for the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, BT549 and U-2 OS) were 7-22-fold more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of Adp16 than to a control virus. In contrast, cancer cell lines which were wild-type for p16 but mutant or null for pRb (Saos-2, C33a and H358) were

Recombinant adenovirus expressing Von Hippel-Lindau-mediated cell cycle arrest is associated with the induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1.

A recombinant adenovirus containing the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) cDNA was constructed (AdVHL) and used to investigate the function of this tumor suppressor gene. Exposure of renal and breast cancer cell lines to AdVHL resulted in high levels of VHL mRNA and protein. AdVHL infection resulted in G1 cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition of renal and breast cancer cell lines. AdVHL-mediated cell cycle arrest was associated with induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p27Kip1 and inhibition of CDK2 and cyclinB1-dependent cdc2 activities. Nuclear run-on analyses and actinomycin D inhibition studies indicate that the induction of p27Kip1 RNA by VHL is mediated at least in part through an increase in p27Kip1 mRNA synthesis. Furthermore, [35S]methionine pulse-chase studies indicate that the increase in p27Kip expression is also regulated through posttranscriptional control mechanisms. These studies support a novel concept that the tumor suppressor gene VHL controls cell cycle progression by regulation of p27Kip1 at both the mRNA and protein levels.

A recombinant adenovirus expressing wild type p53 induces apoptosis in drug-resistant human breast cancer cells: a gene therapy approach for drug-resistant cancers.

The cytotoxicity of a recombinant adenovirus expressing the wild type tumor suppressor gene p53 (AdWTp53) was studied in two human breast cancer MCF-7 sublines selected for resistance to adriamycin (MCF-Adr) and mitoxantrone (MCF-Mito). Although the levels of wild type p53 protein following infection with AdWTp53 are comparable in all cell lines, the two drug-resistant MCF-7 sublines were 300- and 18-fold more sensitive to killing by AdWTp53 compared with the drug-sensitive parental MCF-7 cell lines. In each cell line, AdWTp53 infection led to cell cycle arrest, and reduction of Cdk2 and cyclin B1-Cdc2 activity. Nucleosomal DNA fragmentation analysis (as a function of apoptosis) following AdWTp53 infection revealed that, while the parental MCF-7 cells failed to undergo apoptosis, both drug-resistant cell lines showed distinct DNA laddering. In MCF-Adr cells, a combination treatment of AdWTp53 and adriamycin was much more toxic than either of the reagents used individually. Finally, exposure of a mixed population of MCF-Adr and CD34+ cells to AdWTp53 selectively prevented MCF-Adr cell colony formation, while there was no inhibition of CFU-GM colony formation from CD34+ cells. These findings suggest that some drug-resistant human breast cancers may be effectively treated with adenovirus expressing wild type p53.

A recombinant adenovirus expressing p27Kip1 induces cell cycle arrest and loss of cyclin-Cdk activity in human breast cancer cells.

In order to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms by which the universal cyclin kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 regulates cell cycle progression in human breast cancer cells, a recombinant adenovirus expressing human p27 was constructed (Adp27). Upon infection of human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 with Adp27, a high level of p27 expression was observed, and this resulted in a marked decrease in the proportion of cells in S-phase. In multiple cell lines, comparison of the cytotoxicity of Adp27 with another adenovirus vector expressing the related universal cyclin kinase inhibitor WAF1/Cip1 (AdWAF1), showed Adp27 to be markedly more (up to 56-fold) toxic than AdWAF1. DNA histograms showed Adp27 to cause a G1/S arrest at lower viral doses than AdWAF1. Analysis of cyclin dependent kinase activity following Adp27 infections showed decreased Cdk2 and cyclin B1-Cdc2 activity at lower viral doses when compared with AdWAF1. Adp27 is therefore potentially useful for studies of growth regulation and for gene therapy when growth inhibition is desired.

Enzyme/prodrug gene therapy approach for breast cancer using a recombinant adenovirus expressing Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase.

A recombinant adenovirus expressing Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase (AdCD) was constructed with the purpose of exploring its utility for the treatment of breast cancer. Infection of the human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, with AdCD resulted in high levels of cytosine deaminase enzyme activity. MDA-MB-231 cells infected with AdCD were 1000-fold more sensitive to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) than cells infected with a control adenovirus. Cell mixing experiments indicated that only 10% of AdCD-infected cells in a population were needed to induce complete cytotoxicity of noninfectious cells exposed to 5-FC. This suggests that bystander effects play an important role in AdCD-mediated cytotoxicities. Direct injection of AdCD into human breast MDA-MB-231-derived tumors grown as xenografts in nude mice, followed by daily intraperitoneal injection 5-FC was sufficient to inhibit tumor growth. These results suggest that in vivo gene therapy for breast cancer using AdCD is feasible.

Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to human breast tumor cells: an approach for cancer gene therapy and bone marrow purging.

To examine the potential use of adenovirus vectors in cancer gene therapy as a mechanism for purging bone marrow cells of possible breast cancer contaminants, we compared the infection efficiency of adenovirus and the transfection efficiency of plasmid DNA in the presence of adenovirus in human breast cancer and bone marrow cells. Following infection of breast cancer cells with an adenovirus expressing beta-galactosidase gene, high levels of beta-galactoside activity were observed. No beta-galactosidase activity was observed in low-density human bone marrow cells. A replication-deficient adenovirus mutant dl312 enhanced the transfection efficiency of a plasmid DNA-expressing beta-galactosidase gene into breast cancer cells, and addition of a liposome, lipofectamine, further enhanced the transfection efficiency. In contrast, human bone marrow cells treated under the same conditions expressed very low levels of transfected beta-galactosidase DNA. Transfection of cells with plasmid DNA expressing a truncated but fully active Pseudomonas exotoxin gene in the presence of dl312 and lipofectamine resulted in marked breast cancer cell killing, whereas colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) were relatively resistant to these treatments. A recombinant adenovirus expressing human wild-type p53 protein (AdWTp53) was also highly cytotoxic to breast tumor cells. Infection of breast cancer cells with AdWTp53 (100 plaque-forming units/cell) resulted in 100% loss of the clonogenicity of breast tumor cells. However, colony formation from CFU-GM was relatively resistant to the cytotoxic effects of AdWTp53 alone or in the presence of pULI100 plasmid and lipofectamine. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that human adenoviruses are potentially useful for cancer gene therapy and bone marrow purging.

Recombinant adenovirus vector expressing wild-type p53 is a potent inhibitor of prostate cancer cell proliferation.

OBJECTIVES: A recombinant adenovirus vector (AdWTp53) expressing wild-type p53 was evaluated for its cell growth inhibitory effects on metastatic human prostate cancer cells. METHODS: Human prostate cancer cells LNCaP, DU145, PC3, 1LN, and DUPro-1 were infected with AdWTp53 vector and expression of exogenous p53 in these cells was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and western blot assays. The cell growth inhibitory effects of AdWTp53 were determined by counting cell number on a hemocytometer or by crystal violet staining of cells after infection with AdWTp53. The p53-regulated gene WAF1 and DNA fragmentation were also analyzed in prostate cancer cells infected with AdWTp53. RESULTS: High levels of the AdWTp53 vector-derived p53 protein were present in metastatic prostate cancer cells, and the p53-regulated gene WAF1 was induced in these cells. Infection of these tumor cell lines with AdWTp53 vector resulted in severe growth inhibition and cell death in comparison to untreated or control adenovirus vector-infected cells. Furthermore, fragmentation of genomic DNA, a property associated with apoptosis, was also observed in prostate cancer cells infected with AdWTp53. CONCLUSIONS: AdWTp53 vector exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on the growth of all of human metastatic prostate cancer cells, and both cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of AdWTp53 were observed. The induction of p53-regulated gene WAF1 in AdWTp53-infected prostate cancer cells suggests the involvement of cellular p53 pathway in the cell growth inhibition. These results provide a molecular basis for further evaluation of antitumorigenic effects of AdWTp53 vector in animal models of prostate cancer.

Consequences of p53 gene expression by adenovirus vector on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells.

p53 shows its tumor suppresser activity by inducing cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis of tumor cells and these activities are in part mediated by p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (also called as WAF1, Cip1 and SDI1). Using human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, here we demonstrate that adenovirus vector expressing p53-induced p21, cell cycle arrest at G1 and G2/M boundary, and accumulation of cells in G1 subgroup. However, adenovirus vector expressing p21 induced only G1 cell cycle arrest. The adenovirus vector expressing p53 was 200 times more cytotoxic to human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells than adenovirus vector expressing p21. These results suggest that adenovirus expressing p53 induces cytotoxicity in human vascular smooth muscle cells by apoptosis and this cytotoxicity can not be fully accounted by p21 induction.

Effects of a recombinant adenovirus expressing WAF1/Cip1 on cell growth, cell cycle, and apoptosis.

To evaluate the effects of a p53-inducible gene WAF1/Cip1 on cell proliferation and apoptosis, a recombinant adenovirus vector (E1 minus) expressing WAF1/Cip1 cDNA (AdWAF1) was constructed and compared with a previously studied recombinant adenovirus vector expressing wild-type p53 (AdWTp53). Infection of normal and tumor cells of lung and mammary epithelial origin with AdWAF1 resulted in high levels of WAF1/Cip1 gene expression, which was comparable to that induced by AdWTp53. AdWAF1 and AdWTp53 inhibited growth of all cells studied; tumor cells devoid of endogenous p53 (H-358) or cells expressing endogenous mutant p53 (MDA-MB-231) were more sensitive to the inhibitory effect than tumor (MCF-7) or normal mammary epithelial cells expressing endogenous wild-type p53. Cell cycle analysis of AdWTp53-infected cells indicated a decline in the cell number in S phase and a significant increase in cell number in G2-M phase. AdWAF1 infection also led to a decline in the percentage of cells in S phase and a significant accumulation of cells in G1. AdWAF1 failed to induce apoptosis in any of the cells tested. In contrast, AdWTp53 induced apoptosis in H-358 and in MDA-MB-231 cells. These data suggest that AdWTp53-mediated WAF1/Cip1 induction and cytotoxicity are likely to be associated with WAF1/Cip1-mediated cell cycle arrest. However, because overexpression of WAF1/Cip1 protein failed to induce apoptosis, AdWTp53 effects on apoptosis apparently require cellular factors in addition to WAF1/Cip1 induction.

Cytotoxic effects of adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 protein expression in normal and tumor mammary epithelial cells.

To evaluate the effects of the wild-type p53 expression in normal and tumor cells, we have constructed a recombinant adenovirus vector (E1 minus) expressing human wild-type p53 cDNA (AdWTp53). Infection of normal and tumor cells of lung and mammary epithelial origin with AdWTp53 resulted in high levels of wild-type p53 expression. Production of p53 protein following infection was dependent on the dose of AdWTp53 with maximum amounts of p53 produced following infection with 50 plaque-forming units/cell. AdWTp53 infection inhibited the growth of all human cell lines studied. However, tumor cells that were null for p53 prior to infection (H-358 and MDA-MB-157) and tumor cells that expressed mutant endogenous p53 protein (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453) were more sensitive to AdWTp53 cytotoxicity than cells that contained the wild-type p53 (MCF-7, MCF-10, 184B5, and normal mammary epithelial cells). All cells exhibited WAF1/Cip1 mRNA and protein induction following AdWTp53 infection. AdWTp53-induced cytotoxicity of human tumor cell lines expressing mutant p53 was mediated by apoptosis as revealed by nucleosomal DNA fragmentation analysis. No detectable nucleosomal DNA fragmentation was observed following AdWTp53 infection of human cells expressing wild-type p53. These data suggest that endogenous p53 status is a determinant of AdWTp53-mediated cell killing of human tumor cells.

Differential expression of multiple MDM2 messenger RNAs and proteins in normal and tumorigenic breast epithelial cells.

The MDM2 gene is a nuclear phosphoprotein that is regulated by p53 and functions, in one capacity, to inhibit the transcriptional activity of the wild-type p53 protein. Multiple MDM2 transcripts were detected in human breast epithelial cells. In estrogen receptor-negative normal, immortal, and tumorigenic breast epithelial cells, we found a good correlation between MDM2 mRNA levels and expression of wild-type p53. When wild-type p53 was overexpressed in estrogen receptor-negative tumor cells containing a mutant or no endogenous p53, MDM2 mRNA levels increased significantly, indicating that wild-type p53 positively influences MDM2 mRNA levels in these tumor cells. Because all estrogen receptor-positive breast tumor cells had high MDM2 mRNA levels regardless of the status of their endogenous p53 protein, other factors likely influence MDM2 expression in these cells. Distinct MDM2 proteins (range, Mr 54,000-68,000 and 90,000-100,000, respectively) were differentially expressed in human breast epithelial cells. The lower molecular weight MDM2 proteins were most abundant in the normal mammary cells but present at varying levels in many of the tumor cells examined. MDM2 was a nuclear protein; however, nuclear staining intensity did not always correlate with the amount of MDM2-immunoreactive protein as determined by Western blot analysis. This discrepancy suggests that MDM2 interacts with novel cellular proteins in different kinds of breast epithelial cells.

Structure and function of human histamine N-methyltransferase: critical enzyme in histamine metabolism in airway.

In mammals, histamine is inactivated principally by two enzymes: histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT; EC 2.1.1.8) and diamine oxidase (DAO; EC 1.4.3.6.). The cDNA clone of human HMT (hHMT) has been isolated from a cDNA library of human kidney and its nucleotide, and deduced amino acid sequences have been determined. One clone, phHMT-1, containing an insert of 1.4 kb, was confirmed to encode HMT by transient expression of HMT activity in COS cells. hHMT consists of 292 amino acid residues [relative molecular weight (M(r)) = 33,279] and shares 82% identity with that of rat HMT. Northern blot analysis with hHMT cDNA probe revealed that 1.6-kb HMT mRNA transcript was expressed in the lung, nasal polyps, and kidney. HMT activity was measured in human trachea and bronchi. In addition, the contractile response of isolated human bronchi to histamine was potentiated in the presence of an HMT inhibitor, SKF 91488, but a DAO inhibitor, aminoguanidine, was without effect. These results suggest that HMT plays an important role in degrading histamine and in regulating the airway response to histamine. Therefore, the level of HMT gene expression in human airway may be one of the critical factors determining the airway responsiveness to histamine. In situ chromosomal hybridization demonstrated that human HMT gene was localized in chromosome 1 p32.

Acute ischaemic preconditioning and chronic hypoxia independently increase myocardial tolerance to ischaemia.

OBJECTIVE: Myocardial adaptation has been reported to result from mild but chronic ischaemia in the hearts of patients with coronary artery disease. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the responses of the chronically hypoxic myocardium to an episode of severe ischaemia, or the effects of acute ischaemic preconditioning on myocardial function after subsequent fatal ischaemia, may differ between the normoxic and the chronically hypoxic myocardium. METHODS: A rat model of three week hypoxia (10% O2) was used to simulate tissue hypoxia caused by chronic ischaemia. In isolated isovolumetrically contracting hearts perfused with oxygenated erythrocyte-containing Tyrode solution, systolic and diastolic functions during a 15 or 20 min period of ischaemia and reperfusion were measured in the normoxic control and chronically hypoxic groups. RESULTS: Increases in diastolic pressure during ischaemia were smaller and the recovery of developed pressure during reperfusion was greater in the chronically hypoxic group than in the normoxic group. The hearts of the normoxic group never recovered from ischaemic damage after 20 min ischaemia. The beneficial effects of acute preconditioning with 5 min ischaemia on myocardial function were observed after 15 min ischaemia in the normoxic group, and during and after 20 min ischaemia in the chronically hypoxic group. Changes in lactate production and high energy phosphates could not explain the increased tolerance to ischaemia in the chronically hypoxic group. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic hypoxia increased myocardial tolerance to ischaemia, and acute ischaemic preconditioning increased the tolerance further. Thus chronic hypoxia and acute ischaemic preconditioning independently activate protective mechanisms against ischaemia; the mechanisms may differ between the two types of insult.

Separate regulation of heme oxygenase and heat shock protein 70 mRNA expression in the rat heart by hemodynamic stress.

To elucidate the role of heat shock proteins in hearts, we examined the expression of heme oxygenase (HO) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNAs in hearts of rats subjected to hypoxia or pulmonary artery banding, both of which produce pressure overload to the right ventricle. At 3 d of hypoxia, HO mRNA levels were elevated about fourfold compared to the basal levels in both right and left ventricles, while HSP70 mRNA was not induced at all. Pulmonary artery banding markedly and immediately (within 6 h) increased HO mRNA levels in both ventricles, but induced HSP70 mRNA only in the right ventricle. This is the first in vivo evidence showing the separate regulation of HO and HSP70 gene expression in hearts by hemodynamic stress.

Increased expression of PDGF A- and B-chain genes in rat lungs with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.

To study the molecular basis of vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension, we developed an experimental system in which male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to hypoxia for up to 3 wk. Both the right ventricular systolic pressure and gravimetric index for right ventricular hypertrophy were higher in rats exposed to hypoxia for 3 wk than those of age-matched control rats (P < 0.01), indicating that pulmonary hypertension was established under conditions used. To examine the possible involvement of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in the pulmonary vascular remodeling caused by hypoxia, we cloned rat PDGF A- and B-chain cDNA and prepared specific cRNA probes. Northern blot analysis revealed that PDGF B-chain mRNA levels in the lungs were increased, reached a maximum of day 1, and were sustained at day 3, whereas PDGF A-chain mRNA levels reached a maximum on day 3. Thus the increase in the PDGF B-chain mRNA level precedes that in the PDGF A-chain mRNA level. These results suggest that the PDGF A- and B-chain products may be coordinately and sequentially involved in hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling.

Functional analysis of alternatively spliced transcripts of the human histidine decarboxylase gene and its expression in human tissues and basophilic leukemia cells.

L-Histidine decarboxylase (HisDC) is the enzyme catalyzing the formation of histamine from L-histidine. HisDC activity is expressed specifically in mast cells/basophils, endocrine cells in stomach, and histaminergic neurons in brain. As a first step in the analysis of the regulation of HisDC gene expression, we have cloned the cDNA coding for HisDC from a cDNA library of a human basophilic leukemia cell line, KU-812-F. We identified two types of HisDC cDNA, representing the 2.4-kb and 3.4-kb HisDC mRNA constitutively expressed in these cells. Sequence analysis of these cDNA revealed that the 3.4-kb mRNA contains the insert sequence of 824 bases and suggests that both 2.4-kb and 3.4-kb mRNA may represent the alternatively spliced transcripts of the HisDC gene. Using expression plasmids containing a cDNA for each HisDC mRNA, we analyzed the function of possible HisDC isoforms. We show that only the 2.4-kb mRNA encodes functional HisDC and is expressed in human brain and lung. However, we were unable to detect the 3.4-kb mRNA in these tissues. Thus, the 3.4-kb mRNA may be generated by KU-812-F cell-specific splicing of the HisDC gene transcripts. Furthermore, we demonstrated the increase in the level of 2.4-kb HisDC mRNA and HisDC activity in KU-812-F cells following treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate.

Modulatory role of EDRF in hypoxic contraction of isolated porcine pulmonary arteries.

To examine the hypothesis that suppression of basal release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) by hypoxia might be related to the mechanism of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, rings of porcine pulmonary artery (PA, 2 mm OD) were suspended in organ chambers and changes in isometric force were measured. Hypoxia significantly reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine and augmented contractile response to phenylephrine. This augmentation by hypoxia was not seen in rings without endothelium. Contractile response to phenylephrine was also enhanced by removal of endothelium. With 15 min of hypoxia, PA contracted and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate content decreased. Pretreatment with 10(-6) M methylene blue, 3 x 10(-7) M oxyhemoglobin, and 9.6 x 10(-5) M NG-monomethyl-L-arginine significantly enhanced hypoxic contraction. Furthermore, removal of endothelium also enhanced hypoxic contraction. These results suggest that suppression of basally released EDRF by hypoxia was not the cause of the contractile response to hypoxia and that EDRF modulates the hypoxic contraction of porcine PA in basal conditions at this diameter.