Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in a Six-Year-Old Child: A Case Report.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare autoimmune demyelinating disorder that primarily affects the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by an acute inflammatory response targeting the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. The exact mechanism of ADEM is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve an abnormal immune response that leads to the activation of immune cells and subsequent inflammation within the CNS. This immune-mediated attack results in the destruction of myelin, impairing the transmission of nerve signals and causing a wide range of neurological symptoms. This is a case of a six-year-old girl with no notable medical history presented with complaints of a fever and headache for the last month, in addition to difficulty walking for 20 days and speaking for 14 days. On CNS examination, the right upper and lower limbs' power was reduced, and the Babinski sign was seen in both lower limbs. Both sides of the triceps and knee showed increased reflexes, whereas both sides of the ankle showed decreased reflexes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed multiple T1 hypointensities and T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T2-FLAIR) hyperintensities in the subcortical white matter of the bilateral frontal and parietal lobes, bilateral cerebellar peduncles, corpus callosum, pons, and midbrain. Our case report aims to raise awareness and aid in the early recognition of ADEM because prompt recognition, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate management are essential to minimizing neurological damage and promoting favorable outcomes in affected individuals.

A Systematic Review of Neurological Complications in Pregnant Women With COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has killed millions of people around the world so far and has turned into a disaster for people and healthcare systems. Neurological problems are often seen in people with COVID-19 in the general population, but it is unclear how common they are in pregnant women. This study provides a summary of studies on pregnant women with proven SARS-CoV-2 infection and a particular neurologic diagnosis from different parts of the world. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 15 papers were assessed to create this review article. Based on our findings, the peripheral and central nervous systems were both equally impacted: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS, n=1), bifacial weakness, paresthesia, and vestibulocochlear neuritis (n=1), eclampsia types (n=2), and neurological disease (n=2); case reports, retrospective studies, editorials, and prospective observational studies were included. The median gestational age was 34 (30-36.5) weeks, and the median maternal age was 32.5 (25-35) years. Given the number of reports of neurologic problems associated with COVID-19 in the general community, our findings might be overstated, and we chose the ones that fit our criteria. We hope that this review helps in the early detection and management of neurological diseases during pregnancy.