Cognitive Performance Does not Limit Physical Activity Participation in the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot Study (LIFE-P).

OBJECTIVES: We examined whether multiple domains of baseline cognitive performance were associated with prospective physical activity (PA) adherence in the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot study (LIFE-P). DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: The LIFE-P study was a single-blind, multicenter, randomized controlled trial of a PA intervention compared to a successful aging educational intervention in sedentary, mobility-limited older adults. INTERVENTION: A 12-month structured, moderate-intensity, multi-modal PA program that included walking, resistance training, and flexibility exercises. For the first 2 months (adoption), 3 center-based exercise sessions (40-60 min) / week were conducted. During the next 4 months (transition), center-based sessions were conducted 2 times / week. The subsequent maintenance phase consisted of optional once-to-twice-per-week center-based sessions and home-based PA. MEASUREMENTS: Tests of executive and global cognitive functioning, working memory and psychomotor speed were administered at baseline. Median test scores were used to dichotomize participants into low or high cognitive performance groups. RESULTS: 52 mobility-limited older adults (age: 76.9 ±5 yrs) were randomized to the PA arm of LIFE-P. Compared to participants with high cognitive performance, participants with low performance had similar PA adherence rates (all P ≥ 0.34). Furthermore, weak and non-significant univariate relationships were elicited between all measures of cognition and overall PA adherence levels (r values ranged: -0.20 to 0.12, P ≥ 0.12). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that cognitive performance does not limit long-term PA adherence in mobility-limited older adults. Additional studies in larger cohorts are warranted to verify these findings.

What is a meaningful change in physical performance? Findings from a clinical trial in older adults (the LIFE-P study).

OBJECTIVE: Performance measures provide important information, but the meaning of change in these measures is not well known. The purpose of this research is to 1) examine the effect of treatment assignment on the relationship between self-report and performance; 2) to estimate the magnitude of meaningful change in 400-meter walk time (400MWT), 4-meter gait speed (4MGS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and 3) to evaluate the effect of direction of change on estimates of magnitude. DESIGN: This is a secondary analysis of data from the LIFE-P study, a single blinded randomized clinical trial. Using change over one year, we applied distribution-based and anchor-based methods for self-reported mobility to estimate minimally important and substantial change in 400MWT, 4MGS and SPPB. SETTING: Four university-based clinical research sites. PARTICIPANTS: Sedentary adults aged 70-89 whose SPPB scores were less than 10 and who were able to complete a 400MW at baseline (n=424). INTERVENTIONS: A structured exercise program versus health education. MEASUREMENTS: 400MWT, 4MGS, SPPB. RESULTS: Relationships between self-report and performance measures were consistent between treatment arms. Minimally significant change estimates were 400MWT: 20-30 seconds, 4MGS: 0.03-0.05m/s and SPPB: 0.3 - 0.8 points. Substantial changes were 400MWT: 50-60 seconds, 4MGS: 0.08m/s, SPPB: 0.4 - 1.5 points. Magnitudes of change for improvement and decline were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of clinically important change in physical performance measures is reasonably consistent using several analytic techniques and appears to be achievable in clinical trials of exercise. Due to limited power, the effect of direction of change on estimates of magnitude remains uncertain.

Exercise intensity and self-efficacy effects on anxiety reduction in healthy, older adults.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of varying exercise intensities and changes in self-efficacy on anxiety reduction in a sample of healthy, older adults. Eighty older adults from a randomized controlled exercise trial participated in this study and completed measures of self-efficacy and the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) prior to and following light-, moderate-, and high-intensity exercise. Latent growth curve modeling analyses revealed that although anxiety was reduced following the light-intensity condition, no significant changes in anxiety occurred following the moderate-intensity condition, and anxiety increased following the high-intensity condition. In addition, changes in self-efficacy were related to anxiety responses only in the moderate-intensity condition. An analysis of SAI items indicated that although the light-intensity condition resulted in decreased arousal and anxiousness, the high-intensity condition resulted in increased arousal and decreased anxiousness. These results are discussed in terms of social cognitive theory and the appropriateness of the SAI for use in exercise settings.