Two cases of surgically treated hand tendon xanthomas.

Two cases of sugically treated hand tendon xanthomas are presented. On surgical exploration, these xanthomas were found to be intertwined within the extensor mechanism. Total excision was not possible because it risked loss of integrity of the extensor mechanism. Both patients regained full range of motion and experienced no progressive tumor growth at a minimum of 1-year follow-up.

Utility of obtaining radiographs in patients with trigger finger.

We performed a combined retrospective and prospective study on the utility of obtaining radiographs in patients with trigger finger. Ninety-three patients with a total of 110 involved fingers were reviewed. The average age of the patients was 52 years, and 61% had involvement of their dominant hand. There were 54 women and 39 men. Eighty-four percent of the radiographs were reviewed retrospectively, and 16% of the radiographs were reviewed prospectively. There were no abnormal findings in 62% of the radiographs [corrected]. Thirty-one percent had radiographic abnormalities that were not currently clinically significant. Four percent had radiographic findings that correlated with other clinical problems. No radiographic finding changed our management. Patients with stenosing flexor tenosynovitis without a history of injury or inflammatory arthritis do not need routine radiographs.

Comparative histology of the annular and cruciform pulleys.

Twenty annular and 12 cruciform pulleys were dissected from four unembalmed fresh cadaveric fingers and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Verhoeff-van Gieson stain for elastin, alcian blue stain for hyaluronic acid, and a separate stain for S-100 to identify chondroid cells. Three distinct layers were identified in both annular and cruciform pulleys: an outer layer of fibrofatty tissue with vascular channels outermost, an inner layer of hyaluronic acid-secreting cells, and a collagen-rich layer in between. Chondroid metaplasia was noted in the inner layer of both types of pulleys. Minimal differences were noted in regard to the elastin fibre content of the pulleys, with slightly more elastin in the annular pulleys, but no other differences were noted.

Histology of the extensor retinaculum of the wrist and the ankle.

The extensor retinaculum of the wrist has been used for reconstruction of the annular pulleys of the flexor sheath. We examined the histologic structure of the extensor retinaculum and tendon sheath of the wrist and ankle in cadaveric specimens using hematoxylin-eosin and Verhoeff-van Gieson stains to detect elastin and alcian blue to detect hyaluronic acid, comparing the structure with that described previously for the annular pulleys. Three distinct layers are identified in the retinaculums of both the ankle and wrist: the inner gliding layer, with hyaluronic acid-secreting cells, shows isolated chondroid metaplasia; the thick middle layer contains collagen bundles, fibroblasts, and interspersed elastin fibers; and the outer layer consists of loose connective tissue containing vascular channels. This basic 3-layered histologic composition of the extensor retinaculum is carried in anatomic pulleys throughout the body and appears to represent an adaptive mechanism to provide both a smooth gliding surface as well as the mechanical strength to prevent tendon bowstringing. Given the same histologic structure as the annular pulleys, the extensor retinaculum is a reasonable biologic replacement for the reconstruction of deficient annular pulleys. Likewise, the extensor retinaculum of the ankle could be used to reconstruct a deficient retinaculum of the wrist.

Peripheral nerve injuries secondary to missiles.

Peripheral nerve injuries secondary to missiles can present some of the most challenging problems faced by hand surgeons. This article reviews the pertinent neural anatomy, injury classifications, and repair techniques. Options in the management of nerve gaps are presented including the use of vascularized nerve grafts. The results are discussed and a treatment algorithm is presented.

Immobilization of the mallet finger. Effects on the extensor tendon.

Since the mallet finger that is treated with isolated splinting of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint can be moved freely proximal to the DIP joint, we sought to determine whether such motion might cause a tendon gap that could explain the extensor lag that often follows treatment. Experiments were performed on 32 cadaveric fingers with open mallet finger lesions, immobilizing either the DIP joint alone or both the DIP and PIP joints, while repeatedly flexing and extending the more proximal finger and wrist joints. For each experiment, the gap in the extensor tendon was measured. Joint motion proximal to the DIP joint and retraction of the intrinsics did not cause a tendon gap in a finger with a mallet lesion, supporting the convention that only the DIP joint needs to be immobilized.

Anatomy and histology of the A5 pulley.

Since the anatomy and actual existence of the A5 pulley have been variably reported in the literature, we sought to better define its macroscopic and microscopic structure. Thirty-one A5 pulleys were dissected from 32 fingers. The average proximal to distal length was 3.8 mm; the average width was 8.9 mm. The distal edge of the pulley was proximal to the distal interphalangeal joint, 7.7 mm from the profundus tendon insertion. On histologic study by light microscopy, 3 distinct layers were noted; fibrofatty tissue was noted in the outermost layer, hyaluronic acid-secreting cells were noted in the innermost layer, and connective tissue containing collagen bundles, fibrocytes, and interspersed elastin fibers was noted in the middle layer. The A5 pulley is a discrete structure, with measurements as noted as well as a histologic composition consistent with that reported for the other annular pulleys.

Sarcoid flexor tenosynovitis of the wrist: a case report.

A case is presented where flexor tenosynovitis of the volar wrist is the presenting symptom of sarcoidosis in a 69-year-old man.

Spontaneous healing of a massive tibial cortical defect.

This case report describes the spontaneous healing of a 20-cm massive tibial cortical defect. The defect was created during debridement of necrotic bone and soft tissue in a low-velocity gunshot wound of the tibia that became infected in a skeletally mature patient. The patient was treated in an external fixator and had a soleus flap to provide soft-tissue coverage. He had refused any surgical reconstructive options. Despite the absence of surgical reconstruction, his tibia healed, and he returned to full activity without any orthotic device 9 months after the original injury.

Local-advancement soft-tissue coverage in a child with ipsilateral grade IIIB open tibial and ankle fractures.

This case describes the successful treatment of a child with a vascular injury and two ipsilateral grade IIIB open lower leg fractures using two local-advancement soft-tissue techniques. Multiple relaxing skin incisions were used for closure of the wound associated with the patient's midshaft tibial fracture, whereas a randomly patterned rotational fasciocutaneous flap was used for coverage of the wound associated with the patient's medial malleolar fracture. These straightforward local-advancement soft-tissue coverage techniques allowed for treatment of a child with vascular injuries, ensuring the viability of the foot, while preventing distant donor site morbidity and functional sacrifice. Additionally, no special microsurgical or specialty training is necessary to achieve a similar result.