A person-centered approach to behaving badly at work: An examination of workplace deviance patterns.

To investigate research questions surrounding workplace deviance, scholars have primarily applied variable-centered approaches, such as overall deviance measures or those that separate interpersonal deviance and organizational deviance. These approaches, however, ignore that individuals might employ more complex combinations of deviance behaviors that do not fit neatly within the existing variable frameworks. The present study explores whether person-centered deviance classes emerge in a comprehensive database of the prior studies. We then investigated whether these classes showed differences in antecedents and correlates in an independent sample of working adults from multiple industries. In Study 1, a multilevel latent class analysis of 20 independent samples and 6,218 individuals revealed five classes of workplace deviance, thus providing preliminary support for a person-centered approach. In Study 2, a time-lagged sample of 553 individuals showed the emergence of five classes that largely reflected the patterns found in Study 1. Study 2 points to meaningful differences between classes of deviance behaviors and antecedents, including abusive supervision, Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, and psychological entitlement; classes are also uniquely associated with correlates such as organizational citizenship behaviors, turnover intentions, job performance, and job satisfaction. Altogether, this work is an important first step toward understanding workplace deviance with a person-centered lens. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Associations of active-duty mental health trajectories with post-military adjustment: Results from the STARRS Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: Many servicemembers experience difficulties transitioning from military to civilian life. We examined whether changes in mental health observed during active duty were associated with indices of post-military adjustment. METHODS: Survey data from the multi-wave Army STARRS Pre/Post Deployment Study (PPDS; conducted 2012-2014) were linked to follow-up data from wave 1 of the STARRS Longitudinal Study (STARRS-LS1; conducted 2016-2018). Empirical Bayes estimates of intercepts and slopes of posttraumatic stress, problematic anger, and depressive symptoms during the PPDS were extracted from mixed-effects growth models and evaluated as predictors of life stress among 1080 participants who had separated or retired from the Army at STARRS-LS1; and of job satisfaction among 586 veterans who were employed at STARRS-LS1. RESULTS: Higher average levels and larger increases in posttraumatic stress, anger, and depression over the deployment period were each associated with increased stress and (in the case of anger and depression) reduced job satisfaction. Posttraumatic stress and anger slopes were associated with overall stress (b = 5.60, p < 0.01 and b = 15.64, p = 0.04, respectively) and relationship stress (b = 5.50, p = 0.01 and b = 22.86, p = 0.01, respectively) beyond the average levels of those symptoms. LIMITATIONS: Some transition-related difficulties may have resolved before outcome assessment; some measures were not previously validated. CONCLUSIONS: Larger increases in posttraumatic stress and anger over a deployment period were associated with increased stress after leaving the Army, even after controlling for average symptom levels during the same period. Monitoring changes in mental health during active duty may help identify personnel who need additional support to facilitate the military-to-civilian transition.

Effects of prior deployments and perceived resilience on anger trajectories of combat-deployed soldiers.

BACKGROUND: Problematic anger is frequently reported by soldiers who have deployed to combat zones. However, evidence is lacking with respect to how anger changes over a deployment cycle, and which factors prospectively influence change in anger among combat-deployed soldiers. METHODS: Reports of problematic anger were obtained from 7298 US Army soldiers who deployed to Afghanistan in 2012. A series of mixed-effects growth models estimated linear trajectories of anger over a period of 1-2 months before deployment to 9 months post-deployment, and evaluated the effects of pre-deployment factors (prior deployments and perceived resilience) on average levels and growth of problematic anger. RESULTS: A model with random intercepts and slopes provided the best fit, indicating heterogeneity in soldiers' levels and trajectories of anger. First-time deployers reported the lowest anger overall, but the most growth in anger over time. Soldiers with multiple prior deployments displayed the highest anger overall, which remained relatively stable over time. Higher pre-deployment resilience was associated with lower reports of anger, but its protective effect diminished over time. First- and second-time deployers reporting low resilience displayed different anger trajectories (stable v. decreasing, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Change in anger from pre- to post-deployment varies based on pre-deployment factors. The observed differences in anger trajectories suggest that efforts to detect and reduce problematic anger should be tailored for first-time v. repeat deployers. Ongoing screening is needed even for soldiers reporting high resilience before deployment, as the protective effect of pre-deployment resilience on anger erodes over time.

Reflecting on death amidst COVID-19 and individual creativity: Cross-lagged panel data analysis using four-wave longitudinal data.

The current COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives all across the globe, making death more salient to many who may not have been readily cognizant of their mortality. While employees in certain occupations routinely deal with the idea of death or mortality (e.g., hospital workers, firefighters, and police officers), it is uncommon for the average employee to be within an environment that makes them aware of death. However, death awareness has been found to be negatively related to many important outcomes for the organization, including creativity. In the present study, using four-wave longitudinal data collected weekly-during late-June to late-July, 2020, we examine how employees react during the initial peak of COVID-19 pandemic in the United States in terms of death anxiety and death reflection (two different reactions to death awareness) and whether or not death anxiety and death reflection are related to creativity. Conducting cross-lagged panel modeling on four-wave longitudinal data obtained from 605 full-time employees, we find that positive outcomes can come from such trying times as death reflection is positively related to creativity. We offer timely, valuable implications for theory and practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Caring for their own: How firm actions to protect essential workers and CEO benevolence influenced stakeholder sentiment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Whereas many workplaces shut down following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, many others in essential industries had to remain operational, thus exposing their employees to COVID-19's inherent dangers. These firms were pressed to take immediate action to protect their employees' safety and financial well-being. However, firms varied considerably in the degree to which they took action, and stakeholders appeared to take notice. Leveraging attribution theory, we build theory around the impact of firm actions to protect employee safety and compensation on stakeholder sentiment toward the firm. We further examined how firm leadership helped shape stakeholder sentiment by theorizing about the joint impact of actions with Chief Executive Officer (CEO) benevolence. We built a unique, multisourced data set and tested our theory on a sample of public firms in the consumer staples sector. Our longitudinal analysis of positive stakeholder sentiment expressed on social media demonstrated the importance of these immediate firm actions on sentiment in the initial months of the pandemic. Specifically, firm compensation actions were associated with a growth in positive sentiment over these months, particularly when made by CEOs with high benevolence, whereas firm safety actions led to growth in positive sentiment but only when made by CEOs with low benevolence. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of firm actions and leadership at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The paradoxical decline and growth of trust as a function of borderline personality disorder trait count: Using discontinuous growth modelling to examine trust dynamics in response to violation and repair.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with paradoxical trust cognitions and behaviours. While BPD is associated with difficulty forming trust and maintaining cooperation in trust-based exchanges, design and analytical methodology best suited to reveal the temporal ebb and flow of trust have been underutilized. We used an economic game to examine the trajectories of trust as it forms, dissolves, and restores in response to trust violation and repair, and to explain how these vary as a function of borderline pathology. Young adults (N = 234) played a 15-round trust game in which partner trustworthiness was varied to create three phases: trust formation, trust violation, and trust restoration. Discontinuous growth modelling was employed to capture the trends in trust over time and their relationship with BPD trait count. BPD trait count was associated with an incongruous pattern of trust behaviour in the form of declining trust when interacting with a new and cooperative partner, and paradoxically, increasing trust following multiple instances of trust violation by that partner. BPD trait count was also associated with trust restoring at a faster rate than it was originally formed. By adopting a methodology that recognizes the dynamic nature of trust, this study illustrated at a micro level how relational disturbances may be produced and maintained in those with a moderate to high BPD trait count. Further investigation of the factors and processes that underlie these incongruous trust dynamics is recommended.

The neglected role of collective customer perceptions in shaping collective employee satisfaction, service climate, voluntary turnover, and involuntary turnover: A cautionary note.

Although the service-profit chain posits that employees and customers are interrelated at the unit level (Heskett, Sasser, & Schlesinger, 1997), most theory and practice give primary emphasis to the employee. In this study, we sought to draw attention to the relatively neglected influence that customers may collectively have on employees. Specifically, we examined how collective customer perceptions of service quality relate to collective employee job satisfaction, service climate, and collective turnover (voluntary and involuntary). Using a sample of 294 bank branches, 1,975 employees, and 52,920 customers, modeled at the branch level over 2 years, we found that collective customer perceptions of service quality produced a stronger effect on collective employee job satisfaction and service climate than vice versa. We also provided the first tests demonstrating that collective customer perceptions of service quality significantly and independently influence collective voluntary turnover, even while simultaneously modeling collective employee job satisfaction and service climate. Further, we showed that the effects of collective turnover (voluntary and involuntary) are primarily related to collective customer perceptions and service climate, but through different paths. Although the turnover base rates are modest, these empirical findings highlight the role that collective customer perceptions can have in shaping collective employee attitudes, climate, and turnover and, thus, should be considered and replicated in future theory and research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Alkyne coupling at a rhenium-monocarborane substrate: synthesis of Re,B-eta2:sigma-butadienyl complexes.

Treatment of 7-NH(2)Bu(t)-nido-7-CB(10)H(12) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with LiBu(n)(3 equiv) and then [ReBr(CO)(3)(THF)(2)] gives the rhenacarborane dianion [1-NHBu(t)-2,2,2-(CO)(3)-closo-2,1-ReCB(10)H(10)](2-), isolated as the bis-[N(PPh(3))(2)](+) salt (4). Iodine oxidation of this Re(I) intermediate gives the Re(III) complex [1,2-mu-NHBu(t)-2,2,2-(CO)(3)-closo-2,1-ReCB(10)H(10)] 6 in which the carborane functions formally as an 8-electron (6pi+ 2sigma) donor. Reaction of with ligands L in the presence of Me(3)NO gives substituted products [1,2-mu-NHBu(t)-2,2-(CO)(2)-2-L-closo-2,1-ReCB(10)H(10)][L = PPh(3)(7a), CNXyl (7b; Xyl = C(6)H(3)Me(2)-2,6), or Bu(t)C triple bond CH (7c)]. Formation of complex 7c is unexpectedly accompanied by [1,2-mu-NHBu(t)-2,2-(CO)(2)-3,2-sigma:eta(2)-{C(=CHBu(t))-CH=CHBu(t)}-closo-2,1-ReCB(10)H(9)] 8a, in which an alkyne-derived dienyl group is bound to both the rhenium centre and to an adjacent boron vertex. Complex 8a is also obtained from 7c with Bu(t)C triple bond CH and Me(3)NO. The same reaction of 7c, using PhC triple bond CH or CNXyl instead of Bu(t)C triple bond CH, gives, respectively, [1,2-micro-NHBu(t)-2,2-(CO)(2)-3,2-sigma:eta(2)-{C(=CHBu(t))-CH=CHPh}-closo-2,1-ReCB(10)H(9)] 8b and [1,2-micro-NHBu(t)-2-Bu(t)C triple bond CH-2-CO-2-CNXyl-closo-2,1-ReCB(10)H(10)] 9. Addition of donors L to results in displacement from rhenium of the pendant dienyl moiety, yielding [1,2-mu-NHBu(t)-2,2-(CO)(2)-2-L-3-{C(=CHBu(t))-CH=CHBu(t)}-closo-2,1-ReCB(10)H(9)][L = PMe(3)(10a), CNBu(t)(10b)]. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses have confirmed the novel structural features of compounds 6, 7c, 8b and 9.

Synthesis of nickel-monocarbollide complexes by oxidative insertion.

Treatment of the 11-vertex carborane anion [closo-2-CB(10)H(11)](-) with Ni(0) reagents in tetrahydrofuran (THF) affords-via oxidative insertion reactions-12-vertex Ni(II) complexes, isolated as the salts [N(PPh(3))(2)][2,2-L(2)-closo-2,1-NiCB(10)H(11)] (L = CO (1a), CNBu(t) (1b), and CNXyl (1c; Xyl = C(6)H(3)Me(2)-2,6); L(2) = cod (1d; cod = 1,2:5,6-eta-cyclo-octa-1,5-diene)). One CO ligand in 1a is readily replaced by donors L' in the presence of Me(3)NO to give the species [N(PPh(3))(2)][2-CO-2-L'-closo-2,1-NiCB(10)H(11)] (L' = PEt(3) (1e), PPh(3) (1f), CNBu(t) (1g), and CNXyl (1h)). The anionic complexes themselves readily react with hydride abstracting reagents in the presence of donor ligands to yield zwitterionic complexes in which boron vertexes bear substituents that are bound through C, N, or O atoms. Thus, for example, 1c with H(+) and CNXyl gives [2,2,7-(CNXyl)(3)-closo-2,1-NiCB(10)H(10)] (2b), while 1f with Me(+) in the presence of OEt(2) affords [2-CO-2,11-{mu-PPh(2)(C(6)H(4)-o)}-7-OEt(2)-closo-2,1-NiCB(10)H(9)] (4), in which an additional cycloboronation of one phosphine phenyl ring has occurred. In contrast, 1f with Me(+) in the presence of NCMe gives a mixture of the isomers [2-CO-2-PPh(3)-7-{(X)-N(Me)=C(H)Me}-closo-2,1-NiCB(10)H(10)] (X identical with E (5c) and Z (5d)). X-ray diffraction analyses of compounds 1a, 2b, 4, and 5c confirmed their important structural features.

Reactions of the dianion [1,1,1-(CO)3-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MnCB9H9]2- with transition-metal cations: facile insertion and then extrusion of cluster vertexes.

The manganacarborane dianion in [N(PPh(3))(2)][NEt(4)][1,1,1-(CO)(3)-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MnCB(9)H(9)] (1b) reacts with cationic transition metal-ligand fragments to give products in which the electrophilic metal groups (M') are exo-polyhedrally attached to the {closo-1,2-MnCB(9)} cage system via three-center two-electron B-H --> M' linkages and generally also by Mn-M' bonds. With {Cu(PPh(3))}(+), the Cu-Mn-Cu trimetallic species [1,6-{Cu(PPh(3))}-1,7-{Cu(PPh(3))}-6,7-(mu-H)(2)-1,1,1-(CO)(3)-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MnCB(9)H(7)] (3a) is formed, whereas reactions with {M'(dppe)}(2+) (M' = Ni, Pd; dppe = Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)PPh(2)) give [1,3-{Ni(dppe)}-3-(mu-H)-1,1,1-(CO)(3)-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MnCB(9)H(8)] (5a) and [1,3,6-{Pd(dppe)}-3,6-(mu-H)(2)-1,1,1-(CO)(3)-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MnCB(9)H(7)] (5b), both of which contain M'-Mn bonds. The latter reaction with M' = Pt affords [3,6-{Pt(dppe)}-3,6-(mu-H)(2)-1,1,1-(CO)(3)-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MnCB(9)H(7)] (6), which lacks a Pt-Mn connectivity. Compound 6 itself spontaneously converts to [1-Ph-2,2,2-(CO)(3)-8,8-(dppe)-hypercloso-8,2,1-PtMnCB(9)H(9)] (7b) and thence to [3,6,7-{Mn(CO)(3)}-3,7-(mu-H)(2)-1-Ph-6,6-(dppe)-closo-6,1-PtCB(8)H(6)] (8). This sequence occurs via initial insertion of the {Pt(dppe)} unit and then extrusion of {Mn(CO)(3)} and one {BH} vertex. In the presence of alcohols ROH, compound 6 is transformed to the 7-OR substituted analogues of 7b. X-ray diffraction studies were essential in elucidating the structures encountered in compounds 5-8 and hence in understanding their behavior.

The seventeen- and eighteen-electron metallacarbaboranes [1,1,1-(CO)3-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MnCB9H9]n- (n = 1, 2): a structurally characterized, redox-related pair.

An eleven-vertex manganese-monocarbaborane dianion, upon one-electron oxidation, gives a stable radical monoanion in which the unpaired electron is delocalized over the cluster.

Polymeric potassium diaquahexa-mu-cyano-holmium(III)ruthenium(II) dihydrate.

The crystal structure of the title bimetallic cyanide-bridged complex, [K[HoRu(CN)(6)(H(2)O)(2)] x 2H(2)O](n), was determined by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The coordination about the central holmium(III) ion is eightfold in a square-antiprismatic arrangement, while the ruthenium(II) ion is octahedrally coordinated. Channels permeating the crystal lattice contain the potassium cations and two zeolitic water molecules. The Ho(III) and K atoms lie at sites with mm symmetry and the Ru atom is at a site with 2/m symmetry.

Alkyne coupling in rhenacarbaborane chemistry. Structure of [1,2-mu-NHBut-2,2-(CO)(2)-3,2-sigma:eta 2-(C(=CHBut)-CH=CHBut)-closo-2,1-ReCB10H9].

The butadienyl moiety in the title compound is bound to both cage-boron and rhenium vertices, and arises from coupling of two alkyne molecules at the rhenium centre, unprecedented in metallacarbaborane chemistry.

Unprecedented cage-carbon to cage-boron NMe(3) transfer in a monocarbon Molybdenacarborane.

The reagent Li(2)[7-NMe(3)-nido-7-CB(10)H(10)] reacts with [Mo(CO)(3)(NCMe)(3)] in THF-NCMe (THF = tetrahydrofuran) to give a molybdenacarborane intermediate which, upon oxidation by CH(2)[double bond]CHCH(2)Br or I(2) and then addition of [N(PPh(3))(2)]Cl, gives the salts [N(PPh(3))(2)][2,2,2-(CO)(3)-2-X-3-NMe(3)-closo-2,1-MoCB(10)H(10)] (X = Br (1) or I (2)). During the reaction, the cage-bound NMe(3) substituent is transferred from the cage-carbon atom to an adjacent cage-boron atom, a feature established spectroscopically in 1 and 2, and by X-ray diffraction studies on several of their derivatives. When [Rh(NCMe)(3)(eta(5)-C(5)Me(5))][BF(4)](2) is used as the oxidizing agent, the trimetallic compound [2,2,2-(CO)(3)-7-mu-H-2,7,11-[Rh(2)(mu-CO)(eta(5)-C(5)Me(5))(2)]-closo-2,1-MoCB(10)H(9)] (10) is formed, the NMe(3) group being lost. Reaction of 1 in CH(2)Cl(2) with Tl[PF(6)] in the presence of donor ligands L affords neutral zwitterionic compounds [2,2,2-(CO)(3)-2-L-3-NMe(3)-closo-2,1-MoCB(10)H(10)] for L = PPh(3) (4) or CNBu(t) (5), and [2-Bu(t)C[triple bond]CH-2,2-(CO)(2)-3-NMe(3)-closo-2,1-MoCB(10)H(10)] (6) when L = Bu(t)C[triple bond]CH. When 1 is treated with CNBu(t) and X(2), the metal center is oxidized, and in the products obtained, [2,2,2,2-(CNBu(t))(4)-2-Br-3-X-closo-2,1-MoCB(10)H(10)] (X = Br (7), I (8)), the B-NMe(3) bond is replaced by B-X. In contrast, treatment of 2 with I(2) and cyclo-1,4-S(2)(CH(2))(4) in CH(2)Cl(2) results in oxidative substitution of the cluster and retention of the NMe(3) group, giving [2,2,2-(CO)(3)-2-I-3-NMe(3)-6-[cyclo-1,4-S(2)(CH(2))(4)]-closo-2,1-MoCB(10)H(9)] (9). The unique structural features of the new compounds were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies upon 6, 7, 9 and 10.

2-(3-tert-Butyldimethylsiloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)indole.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(32)H(39)NO(7)Si, all geometric parameters fall within experimental error of expected values. The analysis of molecular-packing plots reveals an infinite two-dimensional linear array running parallel to the b axis, formed by one N[bond]H...O intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interaction. Several potential C[bond]H...O interactions are also present.