RESUMO
The cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) crop is relevant for human livelihoods, particularly in poorer regions. It is consumed fresh or as industrialized flour, and the roots and aerial parts are also used to feed livestock. Pests may limit cassava production, which may endanger food security due to the socioeconomic importance of the crop. Reports of the occurrence of three insect guilds, lace bugs, shoot flies, and whiteflies have been recorded in Paraná State, Brazil, but the distinct species and their distribution are yet to be determined. This lack of information limits the development of strategies to mitigate pest damage. Surveys were conducted in 39 counties (four farms per county) distributed throughout the state that encompass the various socioeconomic regions. The collected material was properly packed and sent to the laboratory for identification, and the following species were identified: lace bugs Vatiga illudens Drake, 1922 and Vatiga manihotae Drake, 1922 (both Hemiptera: Tingidae); whiteflies Bemisia tuberculata (Bondar, 1923) and Aleurothrixus aepim (Goeldi, 1886) (both Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and the cassava shoot fly Neosilba perezi Romero & Ruppel, 1973 (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) in Paraná State. Lace bugs were not found in the samples in the eastern and southern portions of the state. V. illudens was more widespread than V. manihotae. The whitefly A. aepim was not observed in three counties (eastern, southern, and central regions), whereas B. tuberculata and the cassava shoot fly were found in all regions sampled in Paraná State. Suggestions for future investigations of pest management are proposed.(AU)
A cultura da mandioca é relevante para o sustento humano principalmente para regiões pobres, seu consumo ocorre na forma in natura ou como farinha industrializada. Raízes e parte aérea são também utilizadas para criação animal. As pragas podem limitar a produção de mandioca, o que pode ameaçar a segurança alimentar pela importância sócio-econômica da cultura. Registros da ocorrência de três guildas de insetos: percevejos-de-renda, moscas-do-broto e moscas-brancas são recorrentes no Estado do Paraná, mas quais espécies e a sua distribuição ainda não foram amplamente determinadas. A falta de informação limita o desenvolvimento de estratégias para mitigar eventuais danos ocasionados pelas pragas. Assim, levantamentos foram feitos em 39 cidades (quatro campos por cidade) distribuídas por todo o estado englobando as regiões sócio-econômicas. O material coletado foi devidamente acondicionado e enviado ao laboratório para identificação, determinando-se as seguintes espécies: os percevejos-de-renda Vatiga illudens Drake, 1922 e Vatiga manihotae Drake, 1922 (ambos Hemiptera: Tingidae), as moscas-brancas Bemisia tuberculata (Bondar, 1923) e Aleurothrixus aepim (Goeldi, 1886) (ambos Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) e a mosca-do-broto da mandioca Neosilba perezi Romero & Ruppel, 1973 (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) no Paraná. Os percevejos-de-renda não foram encontrados nas amostras das regiões leste e sul do Estado. A maior distribuição espacial ocorre para-V. illudens em relação a V. manihotae. A mosca-branca A. aepim não foi encontrada em três municípios do estado (leste, sul e região central), enquanto B. tuberculata e a moscado-broto foram encontradas em todas as regiões amostradas no Paraná. Sugestões para futuras pesquisas são apresentadas.(AU)
Assuntos
Manihot , Controle de Pragas , HemípterosRESUMO
In this work, atmospheric pollutant emissions of NOx, SOx, CO, particulate matter (PM), total organic compounds (TOC), and CO2 from larger stationary sources of pollutants in Brazil were inventoried and spatialized over the whole Brazilian territory for the base year 2011. The developed inventory comprises a total of 16 refining units, 1730 thermoelectric power plants (TPPs), 96 cement industries, and 64 paper and cellulose industries. To obtain the dataset, some strategies were used, including mail contact, official datasets, personal requesting, web maps usage, and official industry websites. The emission factors were based on lower and upper limits proposed by the AP-42 standards of the US Environmental Protection Agency - USEPA, as well as, emission factors provided by air pollution control agencies, industries, and those identified in the scientific literature. The results show values of 857 ± 415 Gg/year for NOx, 1.51 ± 1.23 Tg/year for SOx, 21.2 ± 13.7 Tg/year for CO, 10.4 ± 10.1 Tg/year for PM, 1.14 ± 0.95 Tg/year for TOC, and 476 ± 142 Tg/year for CO2. In comparison with the official vehicular emission inventory provided by the Ministry of Environment for the year 2011, the total NOx emissions estimated in this work were slightly lower than vehicular emissions, while SOx was 300 times greater than vehicular emissions. For CO, the stationary emissions inventoried were around 17 times greater than vehicular emissions, while PM was approximately 360 times greater than those from vehicles. In terms of comparison with existing global databases, the estimates of this work showed a good level of agreement with the pollutants estimated by the Global Emissions EDGAR v4.3.1, except for PM and CO, which were higher in our estimates. The major contribution of the proposed inventory lies in its improved spatialized distribution, higher resolution, and greater distinctness about the high level of uncertainty associated with the emission inventories for the region.