Anatomical study of the zygomaticofacial foramen and zygomatic canals communicating with the zygomaticofacial foramen for zygomatic implant treatment: a cadaver study with micro-computed tomography analysis.

In the present study, anatomical assessment of zygomaticofacial foramina (ZFFs) and zygomatic canals communicating with ZFFs were performed using cadaver micro-computed tomography images. It was suggested that all ZFFs were located above the jugale (Ju)-zygomaxillare (Zm) line, which is the reference line connecting the Ju and Zm, and most were located in the zygomatic body area (ZBA). The anteroposterior position of the ZFF in the ZBA was within a middle to posterior region and was most often located slightly posteriorly in males and closer to the middle of the region in females. The mean distance from the Ju-Zm line to the ZFF in the ZBA was 12.36 mm (standard deviation [SD] 1.52 mm) in males and 11.48 mm (SD 1.61 mm) in females. In zygomatic canals communicating with ZFFs, most zygomatic canals were type I canals, communicating from the zygomaticoorbital foramen and harboring the zygomaticofacial nerve, and the others were type II canals, communicating from the zygomaticotemporal foramen and located near the posterior margin of the frontal process. These results provide useful anatomical information for preventing nerve injury during surgical procedures for zygomatic implant treatment.

Synchronized motion of the water surfaces around two fixed camphor disks.

The synchronized motion of the water surfaces in contact with two fixed camphor disks was investigated. When the distance between the two camphor disks was greater than 8 mm, the shapes of the water surfaces at the bottoms of the disks oscillated independently. In contrast, synchronized oscillation was observed when the distance was shorter than 7 mm. Depending on the distance, the nature of the Marangoni convection and the difference in the shape of the meniscus changed. The convection was numerically simulated based on the Navier-Stokes equation. The mechanism of synchronization is discussed in relation to the rolling structure of the Marangoni convection.

A liquid/liquid interface excited by stimulation with water.

An immiscible interface, which was composed of CaCl(2) aqueous and ester phases, was excited by the addition of a small amount of water. The excitation, i.e., burst and flow at the interface, was observed above a critical concentration of CaCl(2) in the aqueous phase. The critical concentration and degree of excitation depended on the kind of ester. The mechanism of excitation is discussed in relation to the interfacial tension and the Marangoni effect.