Pharmacogenomics-based systematic review of coronary artery disease based on personalized medicine procedure.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common reason for mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost globally. This study aimed to suggest a new gene list for the treatment of CAD by a systematic review of bioinformatics analyses of pharmacogenomics impacts of potential genes and variants. Methods: PubMed search was filtered by the title including Coronary Artery Disease during 2020-2023. To find the genes with pharmacogenetic impact on the CAD, additional filtrations were considered according to the variant annotations. Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs), Gene-miRNA Interactions (GMIs), Protein-Drug Interactions (PDIs), and variant annotation assessments (VAAs) performed by STRING-MODEL (ver. 12), Cytoscape (ver. 3.10), miRTargetLink.2., NetworkAnalyst (ver 0.3.0), and PharmGKB. Results: Results revealed 5618 publications, 1290 papers were qualified, and finally, 650 papers were included. 4608 protein-coding genes were extracted, among them, 1432 unique genes were distinguished and 530 evidence-based repeated genes remained. 71 genes showed a pharmacogenetics-related variant annotation in at least (entirely 6331 annotations). Variant annotation assessment (VAA) showed 532 potential variants for the final report, and finally, the concluding PGs list represented 175 variants. Based on the function and MAF, 57 nonsynonymous variants of 29 Pharmacogenomics-related genes were associated with CAD. Conclusion: Conclusively, evaluating circulating miR33a in individuals' plasma with CAD, and genotyping of rs2230806, rs2230808, rs2487032, rs12003906, rs2472507, rs2515629, and rs4149297 (ABCA1 variants) lead to precisely prescribing of well-known drugs. Also, the findings of this review can be used in both whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis in the prognosis and diagnosis of CAD.

Recent Advances in the Fabrication of Nano-aptasensors for the Detection of Troponin as a Main Biomarker of Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as the one of the main health threatening refers to reduced blood flow to the myocardium resulting in higher proportion of morbidity and mortality. Currently, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) which have been regarded as the main specific AMI-related biomarkers which was predominant in AMI. Recently, aptamer-based biosensors or aptasensors have attracted special attention to accessible and sensitive detection of cardiac troponin. Moreover, the nanomaterials (NMs)/aptamer conjugates have opened new prospects in high accuracy detection of cTnI and cTnT as nanoaptasensors. This review gathered a clear and concise statements of the recent advancement of the various types of optical and electrochemical-based aptasensors and nanoaptasensors that have been developed for determination of troponin. Subsequently, future perspectives and challenges of aptamer-based cTnI and cTnT detection are discussed briefly.

The recent advancement in the chitosan hybrid-based scaffolds for cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which cut down blood flow to the myocardium, is a serious health-threatening disorder that causes remarkable morbidity and mortality. To date, scaffolds have opened new prospects for potential applications for cardiac regeneration after AMI. The hybrid scaffolds as novel strategies can improve the performance of scaffolds. Chitosan is a naturally safe copolymer with good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Recently, chitosan-based formulations have attracted a lot of interest for scaffolds fabrication. Regarding, chitosan-based hybrid scaffolds have a wide application in cardiac tissue regeneration. This review is focused on the recent progression of the various biodegradable chitosan hybrid-based scaffolds (hydrogels, nanofibers, patch) that have been designed for cardiac engineering. Besides, we discussed, in short, the future perspective and challenges of these types of scaffolds.

Iranian centers of excellence in medical sciences: A qualitative study to analyze the current state and design of a future roadmap.

Background: Due to the law for the fifth development plan and Iran's 20- year economic perspective, Centers of Excellence (COEs) were expected to upgrade the level of research and education besides improving infrastructures in Iran. This study is aimed to analyze the current state of national centers of excellence and designing a future roadmap. Methods: In this qualitative study, data was gathered by reviewing relevant national & international literature and upstream documents, interview with experts, and focused group discussions with stakeholders. Finally, a roadmap was prepared for approval. Results: Lack of common understanding of the COEs definition, lack of clear professional orientation for each center, lack of mandate and commitment in using COEs in the health system and community health promotion, weakness in enticing elites, and unresponsive to basic needs of the country were five major challenges COEs encountered. The consensus prospective vision for centers of excellence was developed based on the establishment and management of special institutions of thought and technology in centers of excellence to advise health policymakers and provide the highest level of the regional and global position. Conclusion: Despite over a decade of development of medical COEs, their goals have not been reached yet. Enactment of designed roadmap and its subprojects in the Supreme Council of Centers is the primary steps for functional improvement of COEs.

Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine in multi-transfused thalassemic patients with and without hepatitis C infection: a comparative study with healthy controls.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly prevalent in thalassemic patients. This may decrease serum antibody response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine. There is also some alteration in the immune system of multi-transfused thalassemic patients as a consequence of iron overload. We deduced that HCV infection may reduce the effectiveness of HBV vaccine in multi-transfused thalassemic patients. MATERIAL/METHODS: Subjects were cited and studied prospectively in three groups. Group 1:125 multi-transfused thalassemic patients with negative serum HCV antibody, Group 2:96 multi-transfused thalassemic patients with positive serum HCV antibody on at least 2 different occasions, and Group3:100 healthy subjects. Subjects in all groups had negative serum HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs, and they received three 20-microg doses of recombinant HBV vaccine in months 0,1, and 6. The anti-HBs titer was obtained one month after the last dose of vaccine and was considered seroprotective if > or =10 IU/l. RESULTS: The seroprotection rate was 83.2% in Group 1 and 80.2% in Group 2 (P = 0.74). It was 86% in healthy subjects, which didn't significantly differ from HCV-positive and -negative thalassemics (P = 0.56). Moreover, the mean values of ALT among the responder and non-responder thalassemic patients were 55.5 +/- 41.9 and 57.4 +/- 48.5 U/l, respectively (p = 0.802). During the vaccination periods, patients in all 3 groups did not show any significant adverse reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that three standard doses of HBV vaccine are immunogenic and safe in multi-transfused thalassemic patients with or without HCV infection.