Rapid quantitative analysis of coal composition using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy coupled with random forest algorithm.

Coal is the primary energy source in China, widely used in energy production, industrial processes, and chemical engineering. Due to the complexity and diversity of coal quality, there is an urgent need for new technologies to achieve rapid and accurate detection and analysis of coal, aiming to improve coal resource utilization and reduce pollutant emissions. This study proposes a rapid quantitative analysis of coal using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with the random forest algorithm. Firstly, a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser at 1064 nm was employed to ablate coal samples, generating plasma, and spectral data were collected using a spectrometer. Secondly, the study explores the impact of different parameters in the preprocessing method (wavelet transform) on the predictive performance of the random forest model. It identifies elements related to coal ash content and calorific value along with their spectral information. Subsequently, to further validate the predictive performance of the model, a comparison is made with models established using support vector machine, artificial neural network, and partial least squares. Finally, under optimal parameters for spectral information preprocessing (wavelet transform with Db4 as the base function and 3 decomposition levels), a model combining wavelet transform with Random Forest is established to predict and analyze the ash content and calorific value of coal. The results demonstrate that the Wavelet Transform-Random Forest model exhibits excellent predictive performance (coal ash content: R2 = 0.9470, RMSECV = 4.8594, RMSEP = 4.8450; coal calorific value: R2 = 0.9485, RMSECV = 1.5996, RMSEP = 1.5949). Therefore, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with the random forest algorithm is an effective method for rapid and accurate detection and analysis of coal. The predicted coal composition values show high accuracy, providing insights and methods for coal composition monitoring and analysis.

Low voltage-driven, high-performance TiO2 thin film transistors with MHz switching speed.

High-speed circuits based on thin film transistors (TFTs) show promising potential applications in biomedical imaging and human-machine interactions. One of the critical requirements for high-speed electronic devices lies in high-frequency switching or amplification at low voltages, typically driven by batteries (∼3.0 V). To date, however, most electrical performances of metal oxide TFTs are measured under direct current (DC) conditions, and their dynamic switching behaviour is scarcely explored and studied systematically. Here in this work, we present low voltage-driven, high-performance TiO2 thin film transistors, which can be operated at a switching speed of MHz. Our proposed TiO2 TFTs demonstrated a high on-off ratio of 107, together with a subthreshold swing (SS) of ∼150 mV Dec-1 averaged over four orders of magnitude, which can be further reduced below 100 mV Dec-1 when the temperature cools to 77 K. Additionally, the TiO2 TFTs exhibit excellent gate-pulse switching at various frequencies ranging from 1.0 Hz to 1.0 MHz. We also explored the potential application of the TiO2 TFTs as logic gates by constructing a resistive-loaded inverter, which shows stable operation at 10 kHz frequency and various temperatures. Thus, our results show the great potential of TiO2 TFTs as a new platform for high-speed electronic applications.

Effect of the bonding layer and multigrading layers on the performance of a wafer-bonded InGaAs/Si single-photon detector.

A wafer-bonded InGaAs/Si avalanche photodiode (APD) at a wavelength of 1550 nm was theoretically simulated. We focused on the effect of the I n 1-x G a x A s multigrading layers and bonding layers on the electric fields, electron and hole concentrations, recombination rates, and energy bands. In this work, I n 1-x G a x A s multigrading layers inserted between Si and InGaAs were adopted to reduce the discontinuity of the conduction band between Si and InGaAs. A bonding layer was introduced at the InGaAs/Si interface to isolate the mismatched lattices to achieve a high-quality InGaAs film. In addition, the bonding layer can further regulate the electric field distribution in the absorption and multiplication layers. The wafer-bonded InGaAs/Si APD, structured by a polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) bonding layer and I n 1-x G a x A s multigrading layers (x changes from 0.5 to 0.85), displayed the highest gain-bandwidth product (GBP). When the APD operates in Geiger mode, the single-photon detection efficiency (SPDE) of the photodiode is 20%, and the dark count rate (DCR) is 1 MHz at 300 K. Moreover, one finds that the DCR is lower than 1 kHz at 200 K. These results indicate that high-performance InGaAs/Si SPAD can be achieved through a wafer-bonded platform.

NKD2 Trigger NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Facilitates Thyroid Cancer Cell Proliferation.

NKD inhibitor of WNT signaling pathway 2 (NKD2) is an emerging player in cancer onset and progression. Here, it was confirmed that THCA patients have robustly expressed NKD2, which was linked to an advanced pathologic stage. The prognosis was worse for those with high NKD2 levels. Functionally, ectopically produced NKD2 promotes THCA cell proliferation, whereas NKD2 knockdown impairs the ability of THCA cells to proliferate. Mechanically, ectopically expressed NKD2 activated NF-κB transcriptional activity, whereas NKD2-deficient THCA cells showed lower NF-κB transcriptional activity. As a result, NKD2 activates the NF-κB signaling pathway, encouraging the growth of THCA cells.

Integrated Analysis Reveals Critical Ferroptosis Regulators and FTL Contribute to Cancer Progression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Background: The carcinogenesis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involve complex molecular mechanisms, and ferroptosis is related to the development and therapeutic efficacy of HCC, but the specific mechanism and prognostic role of ferroptosis-related genes in HCC have not been elucidated. Methods: Differentially expressed gene analysis, Cox regression, and unsupervised consensus clustering were applied to identify crucial ferroptosis regulators and establish ferroptosis-related subtypes in HCC. Random forest analysis and survival analysis were adopted to confirm FTL as the hub prognostic and diagnostic ferroptosis regulator in HCC. Results: The ferroptosis-related subtypes based on the crucial prognostic ferroptosis regulators showed that patients in fescluster A had a higher survival probability (p < 0.001) and better clinical characteristics than patients in fescluster B in the TCGA-LIHC cohort. Patients with a high tumor mutation burden (TMB) in fescluster B presented a significantly poorer prognosis. FTL was the core ferroptosis regulator, and its low expression revealed a significant survival advantage compared with its high expression (p = 0.03). The expression and predictive value of FTL were both closely related to the clinical features (p < 0.05). Expression of FTL accurately distinguished HCC from normal tissues in the TCGA-LIHC cohort, ICGC cohort, and GSE14520 dataset. In addition, higher infiltrating fractions of immune cells, such as activated CD8+ T cells and Gamma delta T cells, mainly enriched immune-related signaling pathways, including the IL2-STAT3 signaling pathway and interferon-gamma response signaling pathway, and higher expression of immune checkpoints, including PDCD1, CTLA4, TIGIT, and CD83, were presented in patients with high FTL expression (p < 0.05). Patients with high FTL were more sensitive to some targeted drugs, such as cisplatin, dasatinib, and sorafenib, than those with low FTL (p < 0.05). A nomogram based on FTL accurately predicted the prognosis of HCC. Further knockdown of FTL was determined to significantly inhibit cell proliferation and migration in HCC. Conclusion: Our study validated ferroptosis-related subtypes and FTL with effective prognostic value in HCC and was beneficial for identifying candidates suitable for targeted drug therapy and immunotherapy, thereby offering further insight into individual treatment strategies to improve disease outcomes in HCC patients.

Downregulation of SUMO2 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion.

This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value and biological function of small ubiquitin-like modifier 2 (SUMO2) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SUMO2 expression in HCC tissues was markedly higher than that in normal liver tissues, and patients with high SUMO2 expression had significantly shorter median overall survival than those with low SUMO2 expression. Furthermore, SUMO2 expression was closely correlated with lymph node metastasis and vascular invasion and was a predictor of poor prognosis. The knockdown of SUMO2 in two HCC cell lines (SMMC-7721 and Bel-7404) dramatically suppressed their proliferation, migration and invasion. Western blot analysis showed that the downregulation of SUMO2 significantly reduced the expression of Ki-67, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in SMMC-7721 and Bel-7404 cells. Similarly, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed consistently decreased expression of MMP-9 and VEGF. Our data suggest that SUMO2 promotes proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells via mechanisms involving MMP-9 and VEGF. Therefore, SUMO2 may be a prognostic factor and a promising therapeutic target for patients with HCC.

Downregulation of LncRNA GAS5 promotes liver cancer proliferation and drug resistance by decreasing PTEN expression.

Accumulating evidence has shown that the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in the regulation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression and drug resistance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological function roles of lncRNAs growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) and its underlying molecular mechanism in the development of HCC. qRT-PCR was used to detect GAS5, miR-21, and PTEN levels. MTT, cell counting assays, and xenograft mouse model were applied to measure cell proliferation rate in vitro and in vivo. The luciferase reporter assay and RNA immune-precipitation assay were introduced to evaluate the relationship between GAS5 and miR-21. We found that GAS5 was downregulated in HCC cell lines and tumor tissues. Knockdown of GAS5 enhanced HCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo and increased HCC cell resistance to doxorubicin. GAS5 acted as a sponge for miR-21 silencing and consequently led to the elevation of PTEN expression. Our data demonstrated that GAS5 functioned as a tumor suppressor role in HCC through regulation of miR-21-PTEN singling pathways, suggesting a potential application of GAS5 in HCC therapy.

Neurotensin promotes cholangiocarcinoma metastasis via the EGFR/AKT pathway.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a fatal disease with increasing morbidity and poor prognosis due to poor response to conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Neurotensin (NTS) has long been recognized as an important factor in the central nervous system and as an endocrine agent in the peripheral circulation via NTS receptor (NTSR) mediated actions. In recent years, NTS has been implicated in the carcinogenesis of numerous cancers; however, its role in cholangiocarcinoma remains obscure. Here, we observed the expression of NTS in cholangiocarcinoma vs. non-cancerous tissues and found that up-regulation of NTS facilitated cholangiocarcinoma cell metastasis and down-regulation of NTS inhibited their migration ability. Mechanistically, NTS drove cholangiocarcinoma cell metastasis via the EGFR/AKT pathway. Both the PI3-K inhibitor LY294002 or EGFR inhibitor Erlotinib stopped the discrepant metastatic capacity between NTS-depleted cholangiocarcinoma cells and control cells, further confirming that EGFR/AKT was required in NTS-promoted cholangiocarcinoma cell metastasis. More importantly, overexpression of NTS predicted poor prognosis of CCA patients. In summary, NTS could promote cholangiocarcinoma cells metastasis by amplifying EGFR/AKT signaling and may therefore be useful to predict patient prognosis.

Clinical significance of circulating tumor cells via combined whole exome sequencing in early stage cancer screening: A case report.

A newly-developed platform, integrating subtraction enrichment and immunostaining-fluorescence in situ hybridization (SE-iFISH), was applied to analyze the clinical significance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) for early screening of cancer in healthy people. The present case report describes one healthy individual who accepted a CTC peripheral blood test, and 8 CTCs/7.5 ml blood were detected. However, various conventional cancer biomarkers were all negative, including cervical cytological inspection, alpha-fetoprotein, cancer antigen (CA)-125, CA19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA15-3 and human papilloma virus. To explore the origin of the CTCs, whole exome sequencing was used to analyze the CTC variation spectrum. A total of 42 mutations were associated with cancer according to analysis in COSMIC (http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic). The results revealed a high risk of tumor in the colorectum, stomach and breast (13, 12 and 6 variations matched, respectively). In this individual, an intestinal polyp was discovered and removed by colonoscopy. The intestinal polyp was identified to be a hyperplastic polyp by pathological diagnosis. No lesions were discovered in the stomach and breast. No CTCs were detected in this patient's blood at 1 and 6 months after removal of the lesions. This case indicates that CTC detection by SE-iFISH has potential in early stage cancer screening, and the mutation spectrum of CTC assists the tracking of its sources.

Design of wafer-bonded structures for near room temperature Geiger-mode operation of germanium on silicon single-photon avalanche photodiode.

We investigate the effect of temperature on the single-photon properties of four germanium/silicon (Ge/Si) single-photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs), which are fabricated by Ge-on-Si direct epitaxial growth, Ge-on-Si two-step epitaxial growth, Ge/Si direct wafer bonding, and Si/Si hydrophobic bonding, respectively. It is found that the wafer-bonded Ge/Si SPAD exhibits extremely low dark current and dark count rate (DCR) compared with the epitaxial ones at 250 and 300 K. This implies that the wafer-bonding technique is a possible candidate for the fabrication of Ge/Si SPAD, which can be operated at near room temperature. Additionally, due to the low DCR and high operation temperature, the wafer-bonded Ge/Si SPAD shows extremely high pulse repetition rate (∼28 MHz in theory for DCR=108 Hz). That is, the wafer-bonded Ge/Si SPAD can be used in a high-speed field. Finally, the effect of voltage pulse width, number of photons per pulse, and hold-off time on the performance of the wafer-bonded Ge/Si SPAD at different temperatures is also clarified.

Glasgow Prognostic Score predicts prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

High Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) has been associated with poor prognosis in patients with lung, ovarian, colorectal and renal cancer, as well as hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of GPS in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) undergoing partial hepatectomy. A total of 72 patients with pathologically confirmed ICC were classified according to their GPS scores assigned based on the preoperative levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin. Their clinicopathological data were retrospectively assessed using univariate and multivariate analysis to determine their association with overall survival and recurrence. High GPS scores in ICC patients were associated with preoperative levels of CRP (P<0.001) and albumin (P<0.001), frequency of ascites accumulation (P=0.035), lymph node metastasis (P=0.002) and tumour size (P=0.005). On univariate analysis, preoperative levels of CRP (P<0.001), albumin (P=0.016) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (P=0.038), hepatitis B virus (HBV) positivity (P=0.009), occurrence of lymph node metastasis (P=0.001), Child-Pugh class B (P=0.013) and high tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P=0.002) were found to be associated with the 1- and 3-year overall survival. Multivariate analysis suggested that GPS score (HR=2.037, 95% CI: 1.092-3.799, P=0.025), TNM classification (HR=2.000, 95% CI: 1.188-3.367, P=0.009) and HBV positivity (HR=0.559 95% CI: 0.328-0.953, P=0.032) were independently associated with patient survival. High GPS scores also predicted ICC recurrence. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that GPS may serve as an independent marker of prognosis in patients with ICC following partial hepatectomy.

Voltage sharing effect and interface state calculation of a wafer-bonding Ge/Si avalanche photodiode with an interfacial GeO2 insulator layer.

The tunneling effect and interface state in the p-Ge/GeO2p-Si structure of a wafer-bonding Ge/Si avalanche photodiode (APD) are investigated. It is found that the thin interfacial GeO2 layer (1-2 nm) formed by the hydrophilic reaction at the wafer-bonding interface significantly affects the performance of the Ge/Si APD. With the increase of the GeO2 thickness, the dark current of the Ge/Si APD decreases enormously due to the blocking effect of this GeO2 layer. Owing to the carrier accumulation in Ge layer under illumination condition, the voltage sharing effect of the GeO2 layer (thicker) becomes serious, leading to the absence of the electric field in Ge layer. The photon-generated electrons at Ge/GeO2 interface can be captured and released by the interface states at certain reverse bias. This can adjust the avalanche current of the Ge/Si APD. The stronger interface recombination induced by the larger interface state density (ISD) results in the decrease of the electric field in Ge layer. This increases the transit time of carriers, which in turn decreases the 3dB-bandwidth. Due to the drastic increase of the dark current (larger ISD), the gain of the Ge/Si APD decreases.

A comparison of the prognostic value of preoperative inflammation-based scores and TNM stage in patients with gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: People's Republic of China is one of the countries with the highest incidence of gastric cancer, accounting for 45% of all new gastric cancer cases in the world. Therefore, strong prognostic markers are critical for the diagnosis and survival of Chinese patients suffering from gastric cancer. Recent studies have begun to unravel the mechanisms linking the host inflammatory response to tumor growth, invasion and metastasis in gastric cancers. Based on this relationship between inflammation and cancer progression, several inflammation-based scores have been demonstrated to have prognostic value in many types of malignant solid tumors. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prognostic value of inflammation-based prognostic scores and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage in patients undergoing gastric cancer resection. METHODS: The inflammation-based prognostic scores were calculated for 207 patients with gastric cancer who underwent surgery. Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), prognostic nutritional index (PNI), and prognostic index (PI) were analyzed. Linear trend chi-square test, likelihood ratio chi-square test, and receiver operating characteristic were performed to compare the prognostic value of the selected scores and TNM stage. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, preoperative serum C-reactive protein (P<0.001), serum albumin (P<0.001), GPS (P<0.001), PLR (P=0.002), NLR (P<0.001), PI (P<0.001), PNI (P<0.001), and TNM stage (P<0.001) were significantly associated with both overall survival and disease-free survival of patients with gastric cancer. In multivariate analysis, GPS (P=0.024), NLR (P=0.012), PI (P=0.001), TNM stage (P<0.001), and degree of differentiation (P=0.002) were independent predictors of gastric cancer survival. GPS and TNM stage had a comparable prognostic value and higher linear trend chi-square value, likelihood ratio chi-square value, and larger area under the receiver operating characteristic curve as compared to other inflammation-based prognostic scores. CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that preoperative GPS and TNM stage are robust predictors of gastric cancer survival as compared to NLR, PLR, PI, and PNI in patients undergoing tumor resection.

Genetic polymorphisms in oxidative stress-related genes are associated with clinical outcome in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Many types of cancer have high antioxidant capacity that effectively scavenges reactive oxygen species and thus protect cancer cells against oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 20 oxidative stress-related genes on clinical outcome in 219 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We assessed the associations of SNPs with prognosis in all patients as well as stratified by clinical characteristics. Three SNP (rs1695, rs2333227 and rs699512) were significantly associated with overall survival (OS). In a multivariate analysis, rs1695 AA and rs2333227 AG/GG genotypes were identified as independent prognostic factors for poor OS. Stratification analyses revealed that these 3 SNPs remained significantly associated with OS. Furthermore, there was a strong gene-dosage effect of these 3 SNPs on OS that patients with increasing number of unfavorable genotypes had significantly increased death risk. In conclusion, our findings provide the first evidence that genetic variants in oxidative stress-related genes may influence treatment outcome in advanced NSCLC patients receiving EGFR TKIs.

[Identification of cellular morphology and flow cytometry on different tetraploid Isatis indigotica strains].

OBJECTIVE: To identify tetraploid Isatis indigotica strains through morphology and flow cytometry. METHODS: The tissue culture seedlings of tetraploid Isatis indigotica were root-tip squashed and chromosome counted before rooted climatized and transplanted in field. The plants in field were taken as experimental materials. Macroscopic observation was applied to identify by form and structure; Free-hand section was used to observe the length, width and density of stomas; And flow cytometry was applied to identify the ploidy. RESULTS: Compared with diploid plants, tetraploid plants had obvious changes in form and structure. The stomas from the tetraploid were notably longer, and the number of guard cells in chloroplasts was remarkably larger. The experiment materials were proved to be tetraploid by flow cytometry. CONCLUSION: The materials are tetraploid plants. Macroscopic observation, the length of stoma and the number of guard cells in chloroplasts can be taken as aided identification for ploidy of mutagenesis materials. Meanwhile, flow cytometry can be applied to identify the ploidy of Isatis indigotica.

The Glasgow Prognostic Score is an independent prognostic predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma following radical resection.

BACKGROUND: Some prognostic evaluation systems were developed to postoperatively predict the outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, mainly based on the cancer itself and the underlying liver diseases. However, none of these prognostic evaluation systems have so far been universally accepted. A simple and feasible scoring system is still lacking for the prediction of prognosis of HCC patients following resection. We aimed to uncover the correlation between the preoperative Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) and the clinical outcome of HCC patients after radical resection. METHODS: The patients were separated into 3 subgroups on the basis of their GPSs. The prognostic significance of the GPS in the patient cohort was evaluated by survival analysis. RESULTS: On univariate analysis, the levels of C-reactive protein and albumin, the Child-Pugh class, vascular invasion, tumor number, tumor size, the tumor/node/metastasis (TNM) stage, and the GPS were associated with overall survival and time to recurrence of HCC patients after radical resection. On multivariate analysis, the tumor size, albumin level, and GPS were independently associated with the outcome of HCC postoperatively. CONCLUSION: The GPS is an independent biomarker for prognostic prediction of HCC following radical resection.

[Effects of PEG and NaCl stress on the contents of indigotin and indirubin in Isatis indigotica tetraploids].

OBJECTIVE: To provide a reference evidence for choosing salt-resistent and drought-resistent varieties of Isatis indigotica Fort.. METHODS: The tissue culture seedlings of different Isatis indigotica tetraploids were used as plant materials. The diploid was used as CK, which were cultured for 30 days. 2 g/L NaCl and 15% PEG-6000 were used as stress treatment respectively for 12 hours, then poured out the solution, the materials were continuously cultured for 7 days. The contents of indirubin and indigotin were determined by HPLC. RESULTS: The contents of indigotin and indirubin of DB3, DB5 and DB12 with PEG treatment and DB2, DB3 and DB12 with NaCl treatment were increased. CONCLUSION: DB3 and DB12 can be further studied as reproduction materials.

[Study on the extraction of total flavonoids from Mentha spicata by ultrasonic method].

The optimal conditions of total flavonoids extraction from Mentha spicata were identified by orthogonal test. The results showed that the ethanol concentration and the ultrasonic time had significant effect on the extraction of total flavonoids and the optimum conditions of extraction were A3B3C1D1, which were as follows: the ethanol concentration was 50%, the ultrasonic time was 40 min, the solid-liquid ratio was 1 g: 50 mL and the temperature of extraction was 60 degrees C, On the basis of the extracting method above, the content of total flavonoids in Mentha spicata was 0.0951 mg/mg. The linear equation was A = 11.51143C - 0.00029, r = 0.9999. This method is simple, quick and accurate with good prosperity.

[Initial RAPD analysis of Isatis indigotica somatic clones' resistance to root rot disease].

OBJECTIVE: To make initial identification on Isatis Indigotica Somatic Clones' resistant mutant. METHODS: The resistant plants were selected under the treatment of root-rot disease crude toxin. The DNA of the same clones and their parents were analysed by RAPD technology. RESULTS: We got initial resistance of the plants and selected 12 primers of which most were identical but the less were different. The genetic background of the somatic clones was identical but the individuals were mutated on the DNA level. CONCLUSION: It provides experimental foundation for further study on separating resistant mutant and resistant gene.

Transcription factor WRKY70 displays important but no indispensable roles in jasmonate and salicylic acid signaling.

The transcription factor WRKY70 was previously reported to be a common component in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) mediated signal pathways in Arabidopsis. Here, we present that the inactivation of the WRKY70 gene in wrky70-1 mutant does not alter the responses of both JA and SA, and that wrky70 mutation is unable to restore the coi1 mutant in JA responses. However, overexpression of WRKY70 reduces JA responses such as expression of JA-induced genes and JA-inhibitory root growth, and activates expression of SA-inducible PR1. These data indicate that the WRKY70 is important but not indispensable for JA and SA signaling, and that other regulators may display the redundant role with WRKY70 in modulation of JA and SA responses in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we showed that JA inhibits expression of WRKY70 and PR1 by both COI1-dependent and COI1-independent pathways.