Reflection of leadership skills by a clinical educator.

BACKGROUND: A leader can only motivate people to do what they want them to do to convince them that it is advantageous. No one can be forced into leadership. Through my experience, I learnt that excellent leadership realises the desired results by getting people to do their best. METHOD: Therefore, I would like to reflect on the leadership theory closer to my leadership practices and leadership styles at my workplace in light of my personality and personal characteristics. CONCLUSION: Although not a new idea, but self-analysis is a requisite for each leader and leader to be.

Potential of Medicinal Plants as Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Properties Against Amyloid-ß-Related Toxicity, and Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity in Human Neural Cells.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are notorious neurodegenerative diseases amongst the general population. Being age-associated diseases, the prevalence of AD and PD is forecasted to rapidly escalate with the progressive aging population of the world. These diseases are complex and multifactorial. Among different events, amyloid ß peptide (Aß) induced toxicity is a well-established pathway of neuronal cell death, which plays a vital function in AD. Glutamate, the major excitatory transmitter, acts as a neurotoxin when present in excess at the synapses; this latter mechanism is termed excitotoxicity. It is hypothesised that glutamate-induced excitotoxicity contributes to the pathogenesis of AD and PD. No cure for AD and PD is currently available and the currently approved drugs available to treat these diseases have limited effectiveness and pose adverse effects. Indeed, plants have been a major source for the discovery of novel pharmacologically active compounds for distinct pathological conditions. Diverse plant species employed for brain-related disorders in traditional medicine are being explored to determine the scientific rationale behind their uses. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of plants and their constituents that have shown promise in reversing the (i) amyloid-ß -related toxicity in AD models and (ii) glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in AD and PD models. This review summarizes information regarding the phytochemistry, biological and cellular activities, and clinical trials of several plant species in view to provide adequate scientific baseline information that could be used in the drug development process, thereby providing effective leads for AD and PD.