Development and internal validation of a clinical risk score to predict incident renal and pulmonary tumours in people with tuberous sclerosis complex.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop and internally validate a clinical risk score to predict incident renal angiomyolipoma (AML) and pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) in people with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). STUDY DESIGN: Data from 2420 participants in the TSC Alliance Natural History Database were leveraged for these analyses. Logistic regression was used to predict AML and LAM development using 10 early-onset clinical manifestations of TSC as potential predictors, in addition to sex and genetic mutation. For our models, we divided AML into three separate outcomes: presence or absence of AML, unilateral or bilateral and whether any are ≥3 cm in diameter. The resulting regression models were turned into clinical risk scores which were then internally validated using bootstrap resampling, measuring discrimination and calibration. RESULTS: The lowest clinical risk scores predicted a risk of AML and LAM of 1% and 0%, while the highest scores predicted a risk of 99% and 73%, respectively. Calibration was excellent for all three AML outcomes and good for LAM. Discrimination ranged from good to strong. C-statistics of 0.84, 0.83, 0.83 and 0.92 were seen for AML, bilateral AML, AML with a lesion≥3 cm and LAM, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our work is an important step towards identifying individuals who could benefit from preventative strategies as well as more versus less frequent screening imaging. We expect that our work will allow for more personalised medicine in people with TSC. External validation of the risk scores will be important to confirm the robustness of our findings.

Teratogenesis, Perinatal, and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After In Utero Exposure to Antiseizure Medication: Practice Guideline From the AAN, AES, and SMFM.

This practice guideline provides updated evidence-based conclusions and recommendations regarding the effects of antiseizure medications (ASMs) and folic acid supplementation on the prevalence of major congenital malformations (MCMs), adverse perinatal outcomes, and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born to people with epilepsy of childbearing potential (PWECP). A multidisciplinary panel conducted a systematic review and developed practice recommendations following the process outlined in the 2017 edition of the American Academy of Neurology Clinical Practice Guideline Process Manual. The systematic review includes studies through August 2022. Recommendations are supported by structured rationales that integrate evidence from the systematic review, related evidence, principles of care, and inferences from evidence. The following are some of the major recommendations. When treating PWECP, clinicians should recommend ASMs and doses that optimize both seizure control and fetal outcomes should pregnancy occur, at the earliest possible opportunity preconceptionally. Clinicians must minimize the occurrence of convulsive seizures in PWECP during pregnancy to minimize potential risks to the birth parent and to the fetus. Once a PWECP is already pregnant, clinicians should exercise caution in attempting to remove or replace an ASM that is effective in controlling generalized tonic-clonic or focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Clinicians must consider using lamotrigine, levetiracetam, or oxcarbazepine in PWECP when appropriate based on the patient's epilepsy syndrome, likelihood of achieving seizure control, and comorbidities, to minimize the risk of MCMs. Clinicians must avoid the use of valproic acid in PWECP to minimize the risk of MCMs or neural tube defects (NTDs), if clinically feasible. Clinicians should avoid the use of valproic acid or topiramate in PWECP to minimize the risk of offspring being born small for gestational age, if clinically feasible. To reduce the risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes, including autism spectrum disorder and lower IQ, in children born to PWECP, clinicians must avoid the use of valproic acid in PWECP, if clinically feasible. Clinicians should prescribe at least 0.4 mg of folic acid supplementation daily preconceptionally and during pregnancy to any PWECP treated with an ASM to decrease the risk of NTDs and possibly improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring.

Implications for driving based on the risk of seizures after ischaemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: In addition to other stroke-related deficits, the risk of seizures may impact driving ability after stroke. METHODS: We analysed data from a multicentre international cohort, including 4452 adults with acute ischaemic stroke and no prior seizures. We calculated the Chance of Occurrence of Seizure in the next Year (COSY) according to the SeLECT2.0 prognostic model. We considered COSY<20% safe for private and <2% for professional driving, aligning with commonly used cut-offs. RESULTS: Seizure risks in the next year were mainly influenced by the baseline risk-stratified according to the SeLECT2.0 score and, to a lesser extent, by the poststroke seizure-free interval (SFI). Those without acute symptomatic seizures (SeLECT2.0 0-6 points) had low COSY (0.7%-11%) immediately after stroke, not requiring an SFI. In stroke survivors with acute symptomatic seizures (SeLECT2.0 3-13 points), COSY after a 3-month SFI ranged from 2% to 92%, showing substantial interindividual variability. Stroke survivors with acute symptomatic status epilepticus (SeLECT2.0 7-13 points) had the highest risk (14%-92%). CONCLUSIONS: Personalised prognostic models, such as SeLECT2.0, may offer better guidance for poststroke driving decisions than generic SFIs. Our findings provide practical tools, including a smartphone-based or web-based application, to assess seizure risks and determine appropriate SFIs for safe driving.

Epilepsy surgery in adults older than 50 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the general safety and efficacy of epilepsy surgery, there is evidence that epilepsy surgery remains underutilized. Although there are an increasing number of studies reporting epilepsy surgery in older adults, there is no consensus on whether epilepsy surgery is efficacious or safe for this population. Our objective was to systematically assess the efficacy as well as safety of resective surgery in people aged 50 years or older with drug-resistant epilepsy. METHODS: We considered studies that examine the efficacy and safety of epilepsy surgery in adults aged 50 years and older. Study eligibility was limited to studies carried out after 1990, with a minimum of 10 participants and 6 months of follow-up. We searched the following databases for published studies: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsychInfo, and Web of Science Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science. The risk of bias of each included study was independently assessed by two reviewers using the MINORS (Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies) instrument. RESULTS: Eleven case series and 14 cohort studies met the criteria for inclusion, for a total of 1111 older adults who underwent epilepsy surgery along with 4111 adults younger than 50 years as control groups. The pooled cumulative incidence of older adults achieving seizure freedom after resective surgery was 70.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 65.3-74.7). There was no evident difference in the incidence of seizure freedom among older adults as compared to younger adults (risk ratio [RR] = 1.05, 95% CI = .97-1.14) in cohort studies. The pooled cumulative incidence of perioperative complications in older adults was 26.2% (95% CI = 21.3-31.7). Among them, 7.5% (95% CI = 5.8-9.5) experienced major complications. Older adults were significantly more at risk of experiencing any complication than younger adults (RR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.5-5.4). SIGNIFICANCE: Despite important considerations, epilepsy surgery may be considered appropriate among carefully selected individuals older than 50 years.

Comparison of three frailty measures for predicting hospitalization and mortality in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have compared different measures of frailty for predicting adverse outcomes. It remains unknown which frailty measurement approach best predicts healthcare utilization such as hospitalization and mortality. AIMS: This study aims to compare three approaches to measuring frailty-grip strength, frailty phenotype, and frailty index-in predicting hospitalization and mortality among middle-aged and older Canadians. METHODS: We analyzed baseline and the first 3-year follow-up data for 30,097 participants aged 45 to 85 years from the comprehensive cohort of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). Using separate logistic regression models adjusted for multimorbidity, age and biological sex, we predicted participants' risks for overnight hospitalization in the past 12 months and mortality, at the first 3-year follow-up, using each of the three frailty measurements at baseline. Model discrimination was assessed using Harrell's c-statistic and calibration assessed using calibration plots. RESULTS: The predictive performance of all three measures of frailty were roughly similar when predicting overnight hospitalization and mortality risk among CLSA participants. Model discrimination measured using c-statistics ranged from 0.67 to 0.69 for hospitalization and 0.79 to 0.80 for mortality. All measures of frailty yielded strong model calibration. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: All three measures of frailty had similar predictive performance. Discrimination was modest for predicting hospitalization and superior in predicting mortality. This likely reflects the objective nature of mortality as an outcome and the challenges in reducing the complex concept of healthcare utilization to a single variable such as any overnight hospitalization.

Outcomes following surgical interventions for hypothalamic hamartomas: protocol for a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Hypothalamic hamartomas (HHs) are deep-seated congenital lesions that typically lead to pharmacoresistant epilepsy and a catastrophic encephalopathic syndrome characterised by severe neuropsychological impairment and decline in quality of life. A variety of surgical approaches and technologies are available for the treatment of HH-related pharmacoresistant epilepsy. There remains, however, a paucity of literature directly comparing their relative efficacy and safety. This protocol aims to facilitate a systematic review and meta-analysis that will characterise and compare the probability of seizure freedom and relevant postoperative complications across different surgical techniques performed for the treatment of HH-related pharmacoresistant epilepsy. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This protocol was developed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Individual Participant Data guidelines. Three major databases, PubMed, Embase and Scopus, will be systematically searched from database inception and without language restrictions for relevant articles using our predefined search strategy. Title-abstract and full text screening using inclusion and exclusion criteria created a priori will be performed by two independent reviewers to identify eligible articles. Conflicts will be resolved via discussion with a third team member. Following data extraction of both study-level and individual patient data (IPD), a study-level and IPD meta-analysis will be performed. Study-level analysis will focus on assessing the degree of heterogeneity in the data and quantifying overall seizure outcomes for each surgical technique. The IPD analysis will use multivariable regression to determine perioperative predictors of seizure freedom and complications that can guide patient and technique selection. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This work will not require ethics approval as it will be solely based on previously published and available data. The results of this review will be shared via conference presentation and submission to peer-reviewed neurosurgical journals. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42022378876.

Computer-assisted analysis of routine EEG to identify hidden biomarkers of epilepsy: A systematic review.

Background: Computational analysis of routine electroencephalogram (rEEG) could improve the accuracy of epilepsy diagnosis. We aim to systematically assess the diagnostic performances of computed biomarkers for epilepsy in individuals undergoing rEEG. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBM reviews, IEEE Explore and the grey literature for studies published between January 1961 and December 2022. We included studies reporting a computational method to diagnose epilepsy based on rEEG without relying on the identification of interictal epileptiform discharges or seizures. Diagnosis of epilepsy as per a treating physician was the reference standard. We assessed the risk of bias using an adapted QUADAS-2 tool. Results: We screened 10 166 studies, and 37 were included. The sample size ranged from 8 to 192 (mean=54). The computed biomarkers were based on linear (43%), non-linear (27%), connectivity (38%), and convolutional neural networks (10%) models. The risk of bias was high or unclear in all studies, more commonly from spectrum effect and data leakage. Diagnostic accuracy ranged between 64% and 100%. We observed high methodological heterogeneity, preventing pooling of accuracy measures. Conclusion: The current literature provides insufficient evidence to reliably assess the diagnostic yield of computational analysis of rEEG. Significance: We provide guidelines regarding patient selection, reference standard, algorithms, and performance validation.

The association between grip strength and carotid intima media thickness: A Mendelian randomization analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

BACKGROUND: Several two-sample Mendelian randomization studies have reported discordant results concerning the association between grip strength and cardiovascular disease, possibly due to the number of instrumental variables used, pleiotropic bias, and/ or effect modification by age and sex. METHODS: We conducted a sex- and age-stratified one-sample Mendelian randomization study in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. We investigated whether grip strength is associated with carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), a marker of vascular atherosclerosis event risk, using eighteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) identified as specifically associated with grip strength. RESULTS: A total of 20,258 participants of self-reported European ancestry were included in the analytic sample. Our Mendelian randomization findings suggest a statistically significant association between grip strength and cIMT (MR coefficient of 0.02 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.04)). We found no statistically significant differences between sexes (p-value = 0.201), or age groups [(≤ 60 years old versus >60 years old); p-value = 0.421]. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that grip strength is inversely associated with cIMT. Our one-sample MR study design allowed us to demonstrate that there is no evidence of heterogeneity of effects according to age group or biological sex.

The performance of bibliometric analyses in the health sciences.

A bibliometric analysis (BA) is a knowledge synthesis methodology aimed at quantitively summarizing large amounts of bibliometric data. We aimed to summarize the performance of BAs in the health sciences. We searched Scopus for BAs in the health sciences published prior to May 10, 2023. All identified studies were included. We performed a BA on these studies in two steps: performance analysis and science mapping. For the performance analysis, various indicators of scientific production were calculated using the bibliometrix R package. For the science mapping, VOSviewer was used to generate a co-authorship network and a keyword co-occurrence network. In total, 5,828 BAs were analyzed. Scientific production has exploded in the last years, with more than 1,500 BAs published in 2022 alone. Scientific impact (i.e. citations) has also been rising, although at a lesser pace. The mean number of citations per year per BA was 1.78. China was the most productive country, publishing more BAs than the nine other most productive countries combined. China paradoxically had a lower number of citations per publication compared with the nine other most productive countries. International collaborations were rare. Common BA themes included oncology, public health, neurosciences, mental health, artificial intelligence, and COVID-19. BAs are increasingly common in the health sciences, but their performance remains limited. More international collaborations and standardized guidelines could help improve their performance, notably the frequency at which they are cited.

Inter-rater reliability of risk of bias tools for non-randomized studies.

PURPOSE: There is limited knowledge on the reliability of risk of bias (ROB) tools for assessing internal validity in systematic reviews of exposure and frequency studies. We aimed to identify and then compare the inter-rater reliability (IRR) of six commonly used tools for frequency (Loney scale, Gyorkos checklist, American Academy of Neurology [AAN] tool) and exposure (Newcastle-Ottawa scale, SIGN50 checklist, AAN tool) studies. METHODS: Six raters independently assessed the ROB of 30 frequency and 30 exposure studies using the three respective ROB tools. Articles were rated as low, intermediate, or high ROB. We calculated an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for each tool and category of ROB tool. We compared the IRR between ROB tools and tool type by inspection of overlapping ICC 95% CIs and by comparing their coefficients after transformation to Fisher's Z values. We assessed the criterion validity of the AAN ROB tools by calculating an ICC for each rater in comparison with the original ratings from the AAN. RESULTS: All individual ROB tools had an IRR in the substantial range or higher (ICC point estimates between 0.61 and 0.80). The IRR was almost perfect (ICC point estimate > 0.80) for the AAN frequency tool and the SIGN50 checklist. All tools were comparable in IRR, except for the AAN frequency tool which had a significantly higher ICC than the Gyorkos checklist (p = 0.021) and trended towards a higher ICC when compared to the Loney scale (p = 0.085). When examined by category of ROB tool, scales, and checklists had a substantial IRR, whereas the AAN tools had an almost perfect IRR. For the criterion validity of the AAN ROB tools, the average agreement between our raters and the original AAN ratings was moderate. CONCLUSION: All tools had substantial IRRs except for the AAN frequency tool and the SIGN50 checklist, which both had an almost perfect IRR. The AAN ROB tools were the only category of ROB tools to demonstrate an almost perfect IRR. This category of ROB tools had fewer and simpler criteria. Overall, parsimonious tools with clear instructions, such as those from the AAN, may provide more reliable ROB assessments.

A Prospective Post-Marketing Observational Study of Brivaracetam in People With Focal Epilepsy.

We evaluated the effectiveness and tolerability of brivaracetam (BRV), an adjunctive antiseizure medication, as a treatment for focal epilepsy in adults. In this prospective study, we enrolled 51 participants from 3 sites across Canada. At 6 months, 68% (26/38) of participants were still taking BRV, among whom 35% (8/23) attained seizure freedom and 48% (11/23) saw their seizure frequency reduced by over 50%. We did not measure any significant change in irritability, quality of life, depression, and anxiety while treated with BRV. Our findings suggest BRV is effective in reducing seizure frequency among adults with focal epilepsy.

Dobbs Versus Jackson: Epilepsy, Reproductive Health, and Abortion.

On June 24, 2022, Dobbs vs Jackson Women's Health Organization was decided by the Supreme Court effectively overturning the former precedent of Roe v. Wade. This ruling has direct consequences for the care of persons with epilepsy of childbearing potential. Now more than ever we need to provide informed and comprehensive care to our patients with epilepsy who are particularly vulnerable to the impact of this legislation on their reproductive decision-making. Important areas to understand include (1) the current state of affairs on abortion in the United States; (2) contraception options, their effectiveness, and interactions with anti-seizure medications (ASM); (3) teratogenic effects and adverse neurocognitive outcomes of ASMs; (4) folic acid supplementation; (5) the effect on perinatal and pediatric care; and (6) unique issues related to people of color.

Association of comorbid-socioeconomic clusters with mortality in late onset epilepsy derived through unsupervised machine learning.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Late-onset epilepsy is a heterogenous entity associated with specific aetiologies and an elevated risk of premature mortality. Specific multimorbid-socioeconomic profiles and their unique prognostic trajectories have not been described. We sought to determine if specific clusters of late onset epilepsy exist, and whether they have unique hazards of premature mortality. METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational cohort study linking primary and hospital-based UK electronic health records with vital statistics data (covering years 1998-2019) to identify all cases of incident late onset epilepsy (from people aged ≥65) and 1:10 age, sex, and GP practice-matched controls. We applied hierarchical agglomerative clustering using common aetiologies identified at baseline to define multimorbid-socioeconomic profiles, compare hazards of early mortality, and tabulating causes of death stratified by cluster. RESULTS: From 1,032,129 people aged ≥65, we identified 1048 cases of late onset epilepsy who were matched to 10,259 controls. Median age at epilepsy diagnosis was 68 (interquartile range: 66-72) and 474 (45%) were female. The hazard of premature mortality related to late-onset epilepsy was higher than matched controls (hazard ratio [HR] 1.73; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.51-1.99). Ten unique phenotypic clusters were identified, defined by 'healthy' males and females, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), ICH and alcohol misuse, dementia and anxiety, anxiety, depression in males and females, and brain tumours. Cluster-specific hazards were often similar to that derived for late-onset epilepsy as a whole. Clusters that differed significantly from the base late-onset epilepsy hazard were 'dementia and anxiety' (HR 5.36; 95%CI 3.31-8.68), 'brain tumour' (HR 4.97; 95%CI 2.89-8.56), 'ICH and alcohol misuse' (HR 2.91; 95%CI 1.76-4.81), and 'ischaemic stroke' (HR 2.83; 95%CI 1.83-4.04). These cluster-specific risks were also elevated compared to those derived for tumours, dementia, ischaemic stroke, and ICH in the whole population. Seizure-related cause of death was uncommon and restricted to the ICH, ICH and alcohol misuse, and healthy female clusters. SIGNIFICANCE: Late-onset epilepsy is an amalgam of unique phenotypic clusters that can be quantitatively defined. Late-onset epilepsy and cluster-specific comorbid profiles have complex effects on premature mortality above and beyond the base rates attributed to epilepsy and cluster-defining comorbidities alone.

Sensitivity and specificity of alternative screening methods for systematic reviews using text mining tools.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of text mining (TM) on the sensitivity and specificity of title and abstract screening strategies for systematic reviews (SRs). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Twenty reviewers each evaluated a 500-citation set. We compared five screening methods: conventional double screen (CDS), single screen, double screen with TM, combined double screen and single screen with TM, and single screen with TM. Rayyan, Abstrackr, and SWIFT-Review were used for each TM method. The results of a published SR were used as the reference standard. RESULTS: The mean sensitivity and specificity achieved by CDS were 97.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 94.7, 99.3) and 95.0% (95% CI: 93.0, 97.1). When compared with single screen, CDS provided a greater sensitivity without a decrease in specificity. Rayyan, Abstrackr, and SWIFT-Review identified all relevant studies. Specificity was often higher for TM-assisted methods than that for CDS, although with mean differences of only one-to-two percentage points. For every 500 citations not requiring manual screening, 216 minutes (95% CI: 169, 264) could be saved. CONCLUSION: TM-assisted screening methods resulted in similar sensitivity and modestly improved specificity as compared to CDS. The time saved with TM makes this a promising new tool for SR.

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): A bibliometric analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The literature on sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) has been evolving at a staggering rate. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of the SUDEP literature with the aim of presenting its structure, performance, and trends. METHODS: The Scopus database was searched in April 2023 for documents explicitly detailing SUDEP in their title, abstract, or keywords. After the removal of duplicate documents, bibliometric analysis was performed using the R package bibliometrix and the program VOSviewer. Performance metrics were computed to describe the literature's annual productivity, most relevant authors and countries, and most important publications. Science mapping was performed to visualize the relationships between research constituents by constructing a country collaboration network, co-authorship network, keyword co-occurrence network, and document co-citation network. RESULTS: A total of 2140 documents were analyzed. These documents were published from 1989 onward, with an average number of citations per document of 25.78. Annual productivity had been on the rise since 2006. Out of 6502 authors, five authors were in both the list of the ten most productive and the list of the ten most cited authors: Devinsky O, Sander JW, Tomson T, Ryvlin P, and Lhatoo SD. The USA and the United Kingdom were the most productive and cited countries. Collaborations between American authors and European authors were particularly rich. Prominent themes in the literature included those related to pathophysiology (e.g., cardiac arrhythmia, apnea, autonomic dysfunction), epilepsy characteristics (e.g., epilepsy type, refractoriness, antiseizure medications), and epidemiology (e.g., incidence, age, sex). Emerging themes included sleep, genetics, epilepsy refractoriness, and non-human studies. SIGNIFICANCE: The body of literature on SUDEP is rich, fast-growing, and benefiting from frequent international collaborations. Some research themes such as sleep, genetics, and animal studies have become more prevalent over recent years.

Association of Mortality and Risk of Epilepsy With Type of Acute Symptomatic Seizure After Ischemic Stroke and an Updated Prognostic Model.

Importance: Acute symptomatic seizures occurring within 7 days after ischemic stroke may be associated with an increased mortality and risk of epilepsy. It is unknown whether the type of acute symptomatic seizure influences this risk. Objective: To compare mortality and risk of epilepsy following different types of acute symptomatic seizures. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study analyzed data acquired from 2002 to 2019 from 9 tertiary referral centers. The derivation cohort included adults from 7 cohorts and 2 case-control studies with neuroimaging-confirmed ischemic stroke and without a history of seizures. Replication in 3 separate cohorts included adults with acute symptomatic status epilepticus after neuroimaging-confirmed ischemic stroke. The final data analysis was performed in July 2022. Exposures: Type of acute symptomatic seizure. Main Outcomes and Measures: All-cause mortality and epilepsy (at least 1 unprovoked seizure presenting >7 days after stroke). Results: A total of 4552 adults were included in the derivation cohort (2547 male participants [56%]; 2005 female [44%]; median age, 73 years [IQR, 62-81]). Acute symptomatic seizures occurred in 226 individuals (5%), of whom 8 (0.2%) presented with status epilepticus. In patients with acute symptomatic status epilepticus, 10-year mortality was 79% compared with 30% in those with short acute symptomatic seizures and 11% in those without seizures. The 10-year risk of epilepsy in stroke survivors with acute symptomatic status epilepticus was 81%, compared with 40% in survivors with short acute symptomatic seizures and 13% in survivors without seizures. In a replication cohort of 39 individuals with acute symptomatic status epilepticus after ischemic stroke (24 female; median age, 78 years), the 10-year risk of mortality and epilepsy was 76% and 88%, respectively. We updated a previously described prognostic model (SeLECT 2.0) with the type of acute symptomatic seizures as a covariate. SeLECT 2.0 successfully captured cases at high risk of poststroke epilepsy. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, individuals with stroke and acute symptomatic seizures presenting as status epilepticus had a higher mortality and risk of epilepsy compared with those with short acute symptomatic seizures or no seizures. The SeLECT 2.0 prognostic model adequately reflected the risk of epilepsy in high-risk cases and may inform decisions on the continuation of antiseizure medication treatment and the methods and frequency of follow-up.

Use of non-medical cannabis in epilepsy: A scoping review.

Objective: The use of medical cannabis among people with epilepsy (PWE) has been garnering increasing interest. In this scoping review, we aimed to summarize the literature on recreational/non-medical cannabis (NMC) use in PWE, focusing on the experience, habits, and beliefs of PWE regarding NMC. Methods: Four databases (OVID Medline, OVID Embase, Ovid APA PsycInfo, and Web of Science) were searched for studies describing NMC use in PWE. NMC was defined as cannabis products procured from sources other than by prescription. Studies that consisted in original research and that detailed the experience, habits, and/or beliefs of PWE regarding NMC use were included in the analysis. Data pertaining to study identification, demographics, NMC use, and epilepsy characteristics were extracted. Descriptive statistical analyses and reflexive thematic analyses were performed to map these data. Results: In total, 3,228 records were screened, and 66 were included for analysis: 45 had mainly adult samples, whereas 21 had mainly pediatric samples. Most studies were published after 2010, originated from the USA, and were cross-sectional. The median number of PWE using cannabis in these studies was 24.5 (1-37,945). No studies showcased elderly PWE, and most had predominantly Caucasian samples. The lifetime prevalence of NMC use in PWE was variable, ranging between 0.69 and 76.8%. Factors frequently associated with NMC use in PWE were male sex, younger adult age, and lower education status. Children with epilepsy took NMC primarily for seizure control, using high CBD/THC ratios, and only orally. Adults with epilepsy took NMC for various reasons including recreationally, using variable CBD/THC ratios, and predominantly through smoking. The majority of PWE across all studies perceived that NMC aided in seizure control. Other aspects pertaining to NMC use in PWE were rarely reported and often conflicting. Conclusion: The literature on NMC use in PWE is sparse and heterogeneous, with many salient knowledge gaps. Further research is necessary to better understanding the experience, habits, and beliefs of PWE pertaining to NMC.