RESUMO
Acyl peptidic siderophores are produced by a variety of bacteria and possess unique amphiphilic properties. Amphiphilic siderophores are generally produced in a suite where the iron(III)-binding headgroup remains constant while the fatty acid appendage varies by length and functionality. Acyl peptidic siderophores are commonly synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases; however, the method of peptide acylation during biosynthesis can vary between siderophores. Following biosynthesis, acyl siderophores can be further modified enzymatically to produce a more hydrophilic compound, which retains its ferric chelating abilities as demonstrated by pyoverdine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the marinobactins from certain Marinobacter species. Siderophore hydrophobicity can also be altered through photolysis of the ferric complex of certain ß-hydroxyaspartic acid-containing acyl peptidic siderophores.
Assuntos
Peptídeos/química , Sideróforos/biossíntese , Sideróforos/química , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Oligopeptídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
The marine bacteria Marinobacter sp. DS40M6 and Marinobacter nanhaiticus D15-8W produce a suite of acyl peptidic marinobactin siderophores to acquire iron under iron-limiting conditions. During late-log phase growth, the marinobactins are hydrolyzed to form the marinobactin headgroup with release of the corresponding fatty acid tail. The bntA gene, a homologue of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyoverdine acylase gene, pvdQ, was identified from Marinobacter sp. DS40M6. A bntA knockout mutant of Marinobacter sp. DS40M6 produced the suite of acyl marinobactins A-E, without the usual formation of the marinobactin headgroup. Another marinobactin-producing species, M. nanhaiticus D15-8W, is predicted to have two pvdQ homologues, mhtA and mhtB. MhtA and MhtB have 67% identical amino acid sequences. MhtA catalyzes hydrolysis of the apo-marinobactin siderophores as well as the quorum sensing signaling molecule, dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone. In contrast to hydrolysis of the suite of apo-marinobactins by MhtA, hydrolysis of the iron(III)-bound marinobactins was not observed.
Assuntos
Amidoidrolases/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Marinobacter/enzimologia , Oligopeptídeos/metabolismo , Sideróforos/metabolismo , 4-Butirolactona/análogos & derivados , 4-Butirolactona/metabolismo , Acilação , Amidoidrolases/genética , Apoproteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Hidrólise , Ferro/metabolismo , Marinobacter/genética , Mutação , Sideróforos/químicaRESUMO
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 released an unprecedented amount of oil into the ocean waters of the Gulf of Mexico. As a consequence, bioremediation by oil-degrading microbes has been a topic of increased focus. One factor limiting the rate of hydrocarbon degradation by microbial communities is the availability of necessary nutrients, including iron. The siderophores produced from two Vibrio spp. isolated from the Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, along with the well-studied oil-degrading microbe, Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2, are studied under iron-limiting conditions. Here we report the amphiphilic amphibactin siderophores produced by the oil-associated bacteria, Vibrio sp. S1B, Vibrio sp. S2A and Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2. These findings provide insight into oil-associating microbial iron acquisition.
