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1.
J Neurosurg Case Lessons ; 5(6)2023 Feb 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36748752

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be associated with various neurological manifestations, including cerebrovascular disease, seizures, peripheral nerve disease, and encephalitis. Intracranial abscess related to COVID-19 is rare but illustrates a serious complication in the studied cases. OBSERVATIONS: The authors report 3 cases of patients presenting with COVID-19 complicated by sinusitis with associated intracranial abscesses. Each patient underwent craniotomy with washout and sinus debridement during their hospital stay. All 3 patients improved to their baseline following treatment. Similar outcomes have been observed in other cases of intracranial abscess associated with COVID-19 infections. LESSONS: Patients achieved significant improvement following evacuation of the abscess and intravenous antibiotics. Further investigation is needed to determine treatment in relation to COVID-19, and the authors recommend following the standard treatment of intracranial abscess at this time.

2.
Cureus ; 14(8): e27575, 2022 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36059304

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Acute subdural hematomas are frequent, highly morbid, and affect all age groups. The most common mechanism of injury is a low-velocity fall, and the incidence of the disease is growing due to increasingly aggressive antithrombotic and anticoagulant therapies. In this study, we aimed to share our experience with the endoscopic-assisted evacuation of acute subdural hematoma, a less invasive procedure compared to standard craniotomy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data of all consecutive patients aged 18 years and older who underwent endoscopic-assisted evacuation of acute-on-chronic subdural hematoma at our institution from 2015 to 2019. Preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative, and follow-up data were collected and reported. Statistical tests were done using Python statistical packages. RESULTS: Of the 35 patients that underwent this procedure, 32 were 18 years and older. The median age was 69.5 years and 37.5% were female. Twenty patients (62.5%) were on antiplatelet therapy, and six patients (18.75%) were on anticoagulants upon presentation. A fall was the most common cause of trauma (71.88%). The median operative time was 107 minutes. The median length of stay in days and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at discharge were 8.5 and 15, respectively. There were no surgical site infections or in-hospital mortality in this series. At the latest follow-up, the median GCS and modified Rankin Scale were 15 and 1, respectively. CONCLUSION: Evacuation of acute-on-chronic subdural hematomas can be performed safely and efficiently via a smaller craniotomy and with the assistance of an endoscope. This may represent a less invasive alternative than standard craniotomy/craniectomy in selected patients.

3.
Surg Neurol Int ; 13: 77, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35399878

RESUMO

Background: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts are the preferred surgical treatment for hydrocephalus, and rarely, these operations may be complicated by catheter migration to ectopic sites. We present the case of an asymptomatic VP shunt patient with delayed peritoneal catheter migration into the pulmonary artery shunt catheter migration into the pulmonary artery (SCMPA) complicated by knotting and indolent thrombosis, necessitating open-heart surgery for system retrieval. Methods: We conducted a literature review in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science of prior similar reported cases and present the results of 24 cases of SCMPA. Results: An asymptomatic 12-year-old male presented with SCMPA noted on routine annual follow-up imaging. Preoperative CT angiogram indicated extensive catheter looping into the pulmonary artery without evidence of thrombosis. Less invasive attempts to retrieve the retained catheter were unsuccessful, and open-heart surgery was required. Intraoperatively, a nonocclusive pulmonary arterial thrombus surrounding the knotted catheter was discovered that was lysed successfully before system retrieval. Conclusion: VP shunt catheter migration into the pulmonary artery (SCMPA) with concurrent large vessel thrombosis can develop in pediatric patients incidentally without any clinical symptoms. Our report suggests that preoperative CT angiogram may be insufficient to detect arterial thrombosis in the presence of extensive intravascular catheter knotting. An open-chest approach may be the only viable surgical option for catheter retrieval in the presence of complex catheter coiling. The use of anticoagulation following open-heart surgery for retrieval of a migrated VP shunt catheter remains unclear, we here propose that continuation of long-term therapeutic anticoagulation may successfully prevent thrombus relapse.

4.
Neuroepidemiology ; 56(2): 75-89, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35172317

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Glioblastomas multiforme (GBMs) are the most common primary CNS tumors. Epidemiologic studies have investigated the effect of demographics on patient survival, but the literature remains inconclusive. METHODS: This study included all adult patients with intracranial GBMs reported in the surveillance epidemiology and end results (SEER)-9 population database (1975-2018). The sample consisted of 32,746 unique entries. We forecast the annual GBM incidence in the US population through the year 2060 using time series analysis with autoregressive moving averages. A survival analysis of the GBM-specific time to death was also performed. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards (PH) regression revealed frank violations of the PH assumption for multiple covariates. Parametric models best described the GBM population's survival pattern; the results were compared to the semi-parametric analysis and the published literature. RESULTS: We predicted an increasing GBM incidence, which demonstrated that by the year 2060, over 1,800 cases will be reported annually in the SEER. All eight demographic variables were significant in the univariable analysis. The calendar year 2005 was the cutoff associated with an increased survival probability. A male survival benefit was eliminated in the year-adjusted Cox. Infratentorial tumors, nonmetropolitan areas, and White patient race were the factors erroneously associated with survival in the multivariate Cox analysis. Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) lognormal regression was the best model to describe the survival pattern in our patient population, identifying age >30 years old as a poor prognostic and patients >70 years old as having the worst survival. Annual income >USD 75,000 and supratentorial tumors had good prognostics, while surgical intervention provided the strongest survival benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Annual GBM incidence rates will continue to increase by almost 50% in the upcoming 30 years. Cox regression analysis should not be utilized for time-to-event predictions in GBM survival statistics. AFT lognormal distribution best describes the GBM-specific survival pattern, and as an inherent population characteristic, it should be implemented by researchers for future studies. Surgical intervention provides the strongest survival benefit, while patient age >70 years old is the worst prognostic. Based on our study, the demographics such as gender, race, and county type should not be considered as meaningful prognostics when designing future trials.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioblastoma , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias Encefálicas/epidemiologia , Glioblastoma/epidemiologia , Glioblastoma/cirurgia , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Prognóstico , Análise de Sobrevida , Fatores de Tempo
5.
Sci Total Environ ; 804: 150160, 2022 Jan 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34798729

RESUMO

Along six transects in each of six lakes across the Western Balkans, we collected data for three groups of littoral biological water quality indicators: epilithic diatoms, macrophytes, and benthic invertebrates. We assessed the relationships between them and three environmental pressures: nutrient load (eutrophication), hydro-morphological alteration of the shoreline, and water level variation, separating the effect of individual lakes and continuous explanatory variables. Lake water total phosphorus concentration (TP) showed substantial variation but was not related to any of the tested biological indicators, nor to any of the tested pressures. We suggest that this may be due to feedback processes such as P removal in the lake littoral zone. Instead, we found that a gradient in surrounding land-use towards increasing urbanization, and a land-use-based estimate of P run-off, served as a better descriptor of eutrophication. Overall, eutrophication and water level fluctuation were most important for explaining variation in the assessed indicators, whereas shoreline hydro-morphological alteration was less important. Diatom indicators were most responsive to all three pressures, whereas macrophyte biomass and species number responded only to water level fluctuation. The Trophic Diatom Index for Lakes (TDIL) was negatively related to urbanization and wave exposure. This indicates that it is a suitable indicator for pressures related to urbanization, although a confounding effect of wave exposure is possible. Invertebrate abundance responded strongly to eutrophication, but the indicator based on taxonomic composition (Average Score Per Taxon) did not. Our results suggest that our metrics can be applied in Western Balkan lakes, despite the high number of endemic species present in some of these lakes. We argue that local water management should focus on abating the causes of eutrophication and water level fluctuation, whilst preserving sufficient lengths of undeveloped shoreline to ensure good water quality in the long run.


Assuntos
Lagos , Qualidade da Água , Península Balcânica , Biomarcadores Ambientais , Monitoramento Ambiental , Eutrofização , Fósforo/análise , Indicadores de Qualidade em Assistência à Saúde
6.
Immunohorizons ; 5(4): 257-272, 2021 04 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33931497

RESUMO

Microglia are the primary immune cell of the CNS, comprising 5-20% of the ∼60 billion neuroglia in the human brain. In the developing and adult CNS, they preferentially target active neurons to guide synapse maturation and remodeling. At the same time, they are the first line of defense against bacterial, fungal, and viral CNS infections. Although an extensive literature details their roles in rodents, less is known about how they function in humans because of the difficulty in obtaining tissue samples and the understandable inability to extensively study human microglia in situ. In this study, we use recent advances in the study of brain microenvironments to establish cultures of primary human microglia in a serum-free medium. Postsurgical samples of human brain were enzymatically and mechanically dissociated into single cells, and microglia were isolated at high purity by positive selection using CD11b Ab-coated microbeads. The CD11b+ cells were plated on poly-l-lysine-coated surfaces and bathed in serum-free DMEM/F12 supplemented with three essential components (TGF-ß, IL-34, and cholesterol). Under these conditions, microglia assumed a ramified morphology, showed limited proliferation, actively surveyed their surroundings, and phagocytosed bacterial microparticles. In the presence of LPS, they assumed a more compact shape and began production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. LPS on its own triggered release of TNF-α, whereas release of IL-1ß required costimulation by ATP. Thus, human microglia maintained in a defined medium replicate many of the characteristics expected of native cells in the brain and provide an accessible preparation for investigations of human microglial physiology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology.


Assuntos
Quimiocinas/análise , Citocinas/análise , Microglia/metabolismo , Microglia/fisiologia , Encéfalo/citologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Células Cultivadas , Quimiocinas/biossíntese , Quimiocinas/genética , Citocinas/biossíntese , Citocinas/genética , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Microglia/citologia
7.
J Neurosurg ; : 1-10, 2020 Nov 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33157538

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Penetrating brain injury (PBI) is the most lethal of all firearm injuries, with reported survival rates of less than 20%. The projectile trajectory (PT) has been shown to impact mortality, but the significant lobar tracks have not been defined. The aim of this retrospective case-control study was to test for associations between distinct ballistic trajectories, missile types, and patient outcomes. METHODS: A total of 243 patients who presented with a PBI to the Saint Louis University emergency department from 2008 through 2019 were identified from the hospital registry. Conventional CT scans combined with 3D CT reconstructions and medical records were reviewed for each patient to identify distinct PTs. RESULTS: A total of 65 ballistic lobar trajectories were identified. Multivariable regression models were used, and the results were compared with those in the literature. Penetrating and perforating types of PBI associated with bitemporal (t-statistic = -2.283, p = 0.023) or frontal-to-contralateral parietal (t-statistic = -2.311, p = 0.025) projectile paths were universally found to be fatal. In the group in which the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at presentation was lower than 8, a favorable penetrating missile trajectory was one that involved a single frontal lobe (adjusted OR 0.02 [95% CI 0.00-0.38], p = 0.022) or parietal lobe (adjusted OR 0.15 [95% CI 0.02-0.97], p = 0.048). Expanding or fragmenting types of projectiles carry higher mortality rates (OR 2.53 [95% CI 1.32-4.83], p < 0.001) than do nondeformable missiles. Patient age was not associated with worse outcomes when controlled by other significant predictive factors. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with penetrating or perforating types of PBI associated with bitemporal or frontal-to-contralateral parietal PTs should be considered as potential donor candidates. Trauma patients with penetrating missile trajectories involving a single frontal or parietal lobe should be considered for early neurosurgical intervention, especially in the circumstances of a low GCS score (< 8). Surgeons should not base their decision-making solely on advanced patient age to defer further treatment. Patients with PBIs caused by nondeformable types of projectiles can survive multiple simultaneous intracranial missile trajectories.

9.
Sci Total Environ ; 748: 141193, 2020 Dec 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32810803

RESUMO

Biological assessment metrics and water chemistry measurements are used to quantify the link between stressors and their effects on lake ecosystems, for the Water Framework Directive. However, correlations between metrics and water chemistry are often poor. This is seen as major weaknesses of Water Framework Directive-related monitoring and assessment. We analyzed macrophytes, benthic algae, benthic macroinvertebrates, water chemistry and sediment total phosphorus content in the littoral of six lakes in the Western Balkans and used CORINE land use data to estimate nutrient enrichment via runoff from the adjacent land. Lakes with a higher estimated phosphorus runoff from the adjacent land did not have higher littoral water nutrient concentrations, but littoral diatom assemblages indicated more eutrophic conditions. These lakes also had higher abundances of littoral benthic primary producers, which in turn were associated with low concentrations of dissolved nutrients, but only in autumn, not in spring. This is consistent with primary producers taking up nutrients during the summer growth season. In lakes with high abundances of benthic primary producers, it is likely that the littoral vegetation plays a large role in the transfer of nutrients from the water to the benthos. This process impairs correlations between biological metrics and water nutrient concentrations. Our results suggest that CORINE land cover may be more useful to characterize littoral nutrient enrichment than lake water chemistry. Increased benthic primary producer biomasses and "eutrophic" diatom indices may indicate littoral nutrient enrichment even if water nutrient concentrations are low.


Assuntos
Ecossistema , Água , Península Balcânica , Eutrofização , Lagos , Nutrientes , Fósforo/análise
10.
World Neurosurg ; 144: 244-249, 2020 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32791226

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cervical arthroplasty has established itself as a safe and efficacious alternative to fusion in management of symptomatic cervical degenerative disease. Recent literature has indicated a trend toward decreased risk of reoperation with cervical arthroplasty, and reoperation in this subset commonly occurs secondary to recurrent pain and device-related complications. The instance of cervical arthroplasty migration, particularly in the setting of trauma, is particularly rare. Here, we report the first case of implant migration secondary to iatrogenic trauma following neck manipulation during direct laryngoscopy for mechanical intubation. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 53-year-old smoker with cervical spondylosis underwent a cervical 3/4 arthroplasty with a ProDisc-C implant. About a month postoperatively, he was intubated via direct laryngoscopy for community acquired pneumonia and began experiencing new dysphonia and dysphagia after extubation. Delayed imaging revealed anterior migration of the implant. The patient immediately underwent removal of the implant and conversion to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. CONCLUSIONS: Supraphysiologic forces exerted through neck manipulation in mechanical intubation mimicked low-energy trauma, and in the setting of ligamentous resection necessary for cervical arthroplasty and inadequate osseous integration, led to migration of the implant. We recommend the integration of fiberoptic technique or video laryngoscopy with manual in line stabilization for intubation of post cervical arthroplasty patients when airway management is necessary within 10 months after cervical arthroplasty. Clinicians and anesthesiologists should have a high clinical suspicion for prompt and early workup with spine imaging in the setting of persistent postintubation symptoms such as dysphonia and/or dysphagia.


Assuntos
Artroplastia/métodos , Degeneração do Disco Intervertebral/cirurgia , Intubação Intratraqueal/efeitos adversos , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/métodos , Remoção de Dispositivo , Discotomia/métodos , Migração de Corpo Estranho , Humanos , Laringoscopia/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia/classificação , Pneumonia/terapia , Próteses e Implantes , Fusão Vertebral , Espondilose/cirurgia
11.
World Neurosurg ; 132: e305-e313, 2019 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31494311

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if the implementation of white matter (WM) fiber tractography by diffusion tensor imaging in presurgical planning for supratentorial tumors proximal to eloquent WM tracts can alter a neurosurgeon's operative strategy. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of patients with supratentorial brain tumors within eloquent WM tracts who underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography as part of their preoperative assessment. These patients were classified into 3 different DTI groups per the radiology reports: group 1, intact WM tracts; group 2, deviated and/or displaced WM bundles; and group 3, patients with an established WM injury (interrupted and/or destroyed tracts). A blinded prospective behavioral study followed, in which 4 neurosurgeons reviewed the preoperative images at 2 different times (magnetic resonance imaging without DTI, followed by a review of the DTI). They provided estimations about the DTI group of each individual eloquent WM category in every patient, and their planned surgical approach. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (mean age, 58.3 years) were included in the study. The neurosurgeons provided a correct DTI group estimation in 53%, 60%, and 57% of the cases that involved motor/sensory pathway tracts, optic tracts, and language tracts, respectively. The neurosurgeons underestimated DTI group 3 in the motor category and in the optic category 75% of the time. DTI did not alter the planned surgical approach. CONCLUSIONS: DTI WM tractography helped neurosurgeons to correctly identify patients with interrupted motor and optic pathway tracts so they could be more aggressive with the extent of tumor resection, despite its inability to alter the operative approach.


Assuntos
Imagem de Tensor de Difusão/métodos , Neuroimagem/métodos , Cirurgia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Substância Branca/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Branca/cirurgia , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neuronavegação/métodos , Neurocirurgiões , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Supratentoriais/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Supratentoriais/cirurgia
12.
J Neurosurg Pediatr ; 21(4): 384-388, 2018 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29393814

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE Treatment of hemorrhagic cavernous malformations within the lateral pontine region demands meticulous surgical planning and execution to maximize resection while minimizing morbidity. The authors report a single institution's experience using the extended middle fossa rhomboid approach for the safe resection of hemorrhagic cavernomas involving the lateral pons. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed to identify and review the surgical outcomes of patients who underwent an extended middle fossa rhomboid approach for the resection of hemorrhagic cavernomas involving the lateral pons during a 10-year period at Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego. Surgical landmarks for this extradural approach were based on the Fukushima dual-fan model, which defines the rhomboid based on the following anatomical structures: 1) the junction of the greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSPN) and mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve; 2) the lateral edge of the porus trigeminus; 3) the intersection of the petrous ridge and arcuate eminence; and 4) the intersection of the GSPN, geniculate ganglion, and arcuate eminence. The boundaries of maximal bony removal for this approach are the clivus inferiorly below the inferior petrosal sinus; unroofing of the internal auditory canal posteriorly; skeletonizing the geniculate ganglion, GSPN, and internal carotid artery laterally; and drilling under the Gasserian ganglion anteriorly. This extradural petrosectomy allowed for an approach to all lesions from an area posterolateral to the basilar artery near its junction with cranial nerve (CN) VI, superior to the anterior inferior cerebellar artery and lateral to the origin of CN V. Retraction of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve during this approach allowed avoidance of the region involving CN IV and the superior cerebellar artery. RESULTS Eight pediatric patients (4 girls and 4 boys, mean age of 13.2 ± 4.6 years) with hemorrhagic cavernomas involving the lateral pons and extension to the pial surface were treated using the surgical approach described above. Seven cavernomas were completely resected. In the eighth patient, a second peripheral lesion was not resected with the primary lesion. One patient had a transient CN VI palsy, and 2 patients had transient trigeminal hypesthesia/dysesthesia. One patient experienced a CSF leak that was successfully treated by oversewing the wound. CONCLUSIONS The extended middle fossa approach can be used for resection of lateral pontine hemorrhagic cavernomas with minimal morbidity in the pediatric population.


Assuntos
Neoplasias do Tronco Encefálico/cirurgia , Fossa Craniana Média/cirurgia , Hemangioma Cavernoso do Sistema Nervoso Central/cirurgia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Neuronavegação/métodos , Ponte/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento
13.
World Neurosurg ; 108: 991.e7-991.e12, 2017 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28866061

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Traumatic intracranial aneurysms (TICAs) of the posterior circulation in the pediatric populations are rare. Only a few reports in the literature document basilar artery TICA in the pediatric population. These cases were typically associated with a clival fracture and commonly diagnosed weeks to months after trauma. We present a case of a patient with a basilar TICA diagnosed after a motor vehicle collision treated with staged trapping and review of the literature. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present a case of a 14-year-old boy who sustained a high-speed motor vehicle collision and developed a basilar trunk TICA identified on admission. Initially, the patient underwent craniotomy for proximal sacrifice of the basilar artery in hope for spontaneous thrombosis of the aneurysm through flow reversal. Endovascular options were reviewed and felt to be less feasible than surgical trapping. Due to continued filling through the right posterior communicating artery, the second surgery was performed to distally trap the aneurysm. The aneurysm was opened, showing some thrombosis and the absence of flow. Repeat magnetic resonance imaging did not reveal any new infarction, and the patient was discharged with neurologic improvement over time. At 1 year, he was able to ambulate unassisted and had a modified Rankin Scale score of 3. CONCLUSION: Development of a TICA may be more acute than literature previously suggested. Treatment consists of a wide range of options and should be considered, especially in the pediatric population, to prevent rupture. Trapping can be performed safely if adequate collateral flow is present in the setting of a large basilar artery aneurysm.


Assuntos
Falso Aneurisma/cirurgia , Artéria Basilar/cirurgia , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/cirurgia , Aneurisma Intracraniano/cirurgia , Acidentes de Trânsito , Adolescente , Falso Aneurisma/diagnóstico por imagem , Falso Aneurisma/etiologia , Artéria Basilar/diagnóstico por imagem , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Artéria Carótida Interna/diagnóstico por imagem , Artéria Carótida Interna/cirurgia , Humanos , Aneurisma Intracraniano/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino
14.
Interv Neurol ; 5(3-4): 194-208, 2016 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27781050

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system vasculitis (CNSV) is a rare disorder, the pathophysiology of which is not fully understood. It involves a combination of inflammation and thrombosis. CNSV is most commonly associated with headache, gradual changes in mental status, and focal neurological symptoms. Diagnosis requires the effective use of history, laboratory testing, imaging, and biopsy. Catheter angiography can be a powerful tool in the diagnosis when common and low-frequency angiographic manifestations of CNSV are considered. We review these manifestations and their place in the diagnostic algorithm of CNSV. SUMMARY: We reviewed the PubMed database for case series of CNSV that included 5 or more patients. Demographic and angiographic findings were collected. Angiographic findings were dichotomized between common and low-frequency findings. A system for incorporating these findings into clinical decision-making is proposed. KEY MESSAGE: CNSV is a diagnostic challenge due to the absence of a true gold standard test. In the absence of such a test, catheter angiography remains a central piece of the diagnostic puzzle when appropriately employed and interpreted.

15.
J Craniovertebr Junction Spine ; 7(3): 161-70, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27630478

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Numerical classification systems for the internal carotid artery (ICA) are available, but modifications have added confusion to the numerical systems. Furthermore, previous classifications may not be applicable uniformly to microsurgical and endoscopic procedures. The purpose of this study was to develop a clinically useful classification system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed cadaver dissections of the ICA in 5 heads (10 sides) and evaluated 648 internal carotid arteries with computed tomography angiography. We identified specific anatomic landmarks to define the beginning and end of each ICA segment. RESULTS: The ICA was classified into eight segments based on the cadaver and imaging findings: (1) Cervical segment; (2) cochlear segment (ascending segment of the ICA in the temporal bone) (relation of the start of this segment to the base of the styloid process: Above, 425 sides [80%]; below, 2 sides [0.4%]; at same level, 107 sides [20%]; P < 0.0001) (relation of cochlea to ICA: Posterior, 501 sides [85%]; posteromedial, 84 sides [14%]; P < 0.0001); (3) petrous segment (horizontal segment of ICA in the temporal bone) starting at the crossing of the eustachian tube superolateral to the ICA turn in all 10 samples; (4) Gasserian-Clival segment (ascending segment of ICA in the cavernous sinus) starting at the petrolingual ligament (PLL) (relation to vidian canal on imaging: At same level, 360 sides [63%]; below, 154 sides [27%]; above, 53 sides [9%]; P < 0.0001); in this segment, the ICA projected medially toward the clivus in 275 sides (52%) or parallel to the clivus with no deviation in 256 sides (48%; P < 0.0001); (5) sellar segment (medial loop of ICA in the cavernous sinus) starting at the takeoff of the meningeal hypophyseal trunk (ICA was medial into the sella in 271 cases [46%], lateral without touching the sella in 127 cases [23%], and abutting the sella in 182 cases [31%]; P < 0.0001); (6) sphenoid segment (lateral loop of ICA within the cavernous sinus) starting at the crossing of the fourth cranial nerve on the lateral aspect of the cavernous ICA and located directly lateral to the sphenoid sinus; (7) ring segment (ICA between the 2 dural rings) starting at the crossing of the third cranial nerve on the lateral aspect of the ICA; (8) cisternal segment starting at the distal dural ring. CONCLUSIONS: The classification may be applied uniformly to all skull base surgical approaches including lateral microsurgical and ventral endoscopic approaches, obviating the need for 2 separate classification systems. The classification allows extrapolation of relevant clinical information because each named segment may indicate potential surgical risk to specific structures.

16.
Am J Case Rep ; 16: 50-2, 2015 Jan 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25633886

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Neonatal in-hospital falls occur relatively frequently, although they are likely underreported. Significant intracranial head trauma from a fall or birth injury is not common in the immediate newborn period. Furthermore, intracranial bleeding requiring surgical intervention is exceedingly rare. We present an unusual case of an in-hospital fall in the delivery room requiring neurosurgical intervention. CASE REPORT: A term infant, appropriate for gestational age, delivered precipitously from a maternal standing position. The vertex neonate struck the linoleum floor after an approximate 80-cm fall, landing headfirst. The physical and neurological exams were initially normal, and skull films did not demonstrate an obvious fracture. The baby was closely observed, undergoing continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring. After the patient had an episode of apnea, a scalp hematoma was noted. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a left parietal fracture with an acute epidural hematoma, which required emergent craniotomy. The infant had an unremarkable post-operative course and had a normal neurodevelopmental assessment at 15 months of age. CONCLUSIONS: Close, continuous observation is recommended for infants following an in-hospital fall or after significant birth trauma. A high degree of suspicion for intracranial hemorrhage must be maintained. Fall prevention strategies should focus on careful baby handling by the convalescing mother.


Assuntos
Acidentes por Quedas , Traumatismos do Nascimento/complicações , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/complicações , Hematoma Epidural Craniano/etiologia , Adulto , Traumatismos do Nascimento/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/diagnóstico , Feminino , Hematoma Epidural Craniano/diagnóstico , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Exame Neurológico , Gravidez , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X
17.
Childs Nerv Syst ; 30(6): 1141-6, 2014 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24562417

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Anterior sacral meningoceles are lesions that are uncommonly reported and can be associated with other pathology including presacral masses, tethered spinal cord, and syringomyelia. Tethered spinal cord and syringomyelia can result in neurologic deficits, while large meningoceles and presacral masses can have gastroenterologic, urologic, reproductive, and oncologic consequences. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The authors report a case of a 14-year-old girl with an anterior sacral meningocele, tailgut cyst, and tethered cord with holocord syringomyelia who presented with a tethered cord syndrome, manifested by constipation, urinary retention, bilateral lower extremity weakness, and sensory deficits. After extensive radiographic and urodynamic workups were performed, the patient was treated by the neurosurgery and pediatric surgery teams with a posterior sagittal approach for cord detethering, resection of an intradural cystic mass, resection of the anterior sacral meningocele, and resection of the adjacent presacral mass. After surgical treatment, motor weakness and sensory deficits were resolved, though urinary symptoms persisted. The syrinx resolved after detethering alone. Pathology of the intradural cystic mass and the presacral mass inferior to the anterior sacral meningocele were consistent with tailgut cyst. CONCLUSION: The patient's clinical and surgical management are discussed, and a literature review related to anterior sacral meningoceles and their related pathologies is presented. An interdisciplinary approach is required for the best treatment of this constellation of findings.


Assuntos
Síndrome do Hamartoma Múltiplo/complicações , Síndrome do Hamartoma Múltiplo/patologia , Meningocele/complicações , Defeitos do Tubo Neural/complicações , Siringomielia/etiologia , Adolescente , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/métodos , Siringomielia/cirurgia
19.
J Neurosurg Pediatr ; 14 Suppl 1: 24-9, 2014 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25988779

RESUMO

OBJECT: This systematic review was undertaken to answer the following question: Do technical adjuvants such as ventricular endoscopic placement, computer-assisted electromagnetic guidance, or ultrasound guidance improve ventricular shunt function and survival? METHODS: The US National Library of Medicine PubMed/MEDLINE database and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were queried using MeSH headings and key words specifically chosen to identify published articles detailing the use of cerebrospinal fluid shunts for the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus. Articles meeting specific criteria that had been delineated a priori were then examined, and data were abstracted and compiled in evidentiary tables. These data were then analyzed by the Pediatric Hydrocephalus Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines Task Force to consider evidence-based treatment recommendations. RESULTS: The search yielded 163 abstracts, which were screened for potential relevance to the application of technical adjuvants in shunt placement. Fourteen articles were selected for full-text review. One additional article was selected during a review of literature citations. Eight of these articles were included in the final recommendations concerning the use of endoscopy, ultrasonography, and electromagnetic image guidance during shunt placement, whereas the remaining articles were excluded due to poor evidence or lack of relevance. The evidence included 1 Class I, 1 Class II, and 6 Class III papers. An evidentiary table of relevant articles was created. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATION: There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of endoscopic guidance for routine ventricular catheter placement. STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION: Level I, high degree of clinical certainty. RECOMMENDATION: The routine use of ultrasound-assisted catheter placement is an option. STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION: Level III, unclear clinical certainty. RECOMMENDATION: The routine use of computer-assisted electromagnetic (EM) navigation is an option. STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION: Level III, unclear clinical certainty.


Assuntos
Derivações do Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/métodos , Fenômenos Eletromagnéticos , Hidrocefalia/cirurgia , Neuroendoscopia , Neuronavegação , Criança , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/diagnóstico , Hidrocefalia/diagnóstico por imagem , Neuronavegação/métodos , Cirurgia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Ultrassonografia , Estados Unidos
20.
J Neurosurg Pediatr ; 14 Suppl 1: 72-6, 2014 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25988785

RESUMO

OBJECT: The objective of this guideline was to answer the following question: Do the entry point and position of the ventricular catheter have an effect on shunt function and survival? METHODS: Both the US National Library of Medicine/MEDLINE database and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were queried using MeSH headings and key words specifically chosen to identify published articles detailing the use of CSF shunts for the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus. Articles meeting specific criteria that had been delineated a priori were then examined, and data were abstracted and compiled in evidentiary tables. RESULTS: The search yielded 184 abstracts, which were screened for potential relevance to the clinical question of the effect of ventricular catheter entry site on shunt survival. An initial review of the abstracts identified 14 papers that met the inclusion criteria, and these were recalled for full-text review. After review of these articles, only 4 were noted to be relevant for an analysis of the impact of entry point on shunt survival; an additional paper was retrieved during the review of full-text articles and was included as evidence to support the recommendation. The evidence included 1 Class II paper and 4 Class III papers. An evidentiary table was created including the relevant articles. CONCLUSION/RECOMMEndation: There is insufficient evidence to recommend the occipital versus frontal point of entry for the ventricular catheter; therefore, both entry points are options for the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus. STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION: Level III, unclear degree of clinical certainty.


Assuntos
Cateteres de Demora , Derivações do Líquido Cefalorraquidiano , Hidrocefalia/cirurgia , Criança , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Humanos , Estados Unidos
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