How to adapt orthodontic treatment for a patient with a general pathology? Review of the literature based on six scenarios that challenge the practitioner / Comment adapter le traitement orthodontique chez un patient porteur d'une pathologie générale ? Revue de la littérature à partir de six situations qui questionnent le praticien

Introduction: The democratization of access to orthodontic treatments and the development of orthodontics in adults lead more and more practitioners to take care of patients with various general pathologies. The aim of this literature review was to specify the recommendations governing orthodontic treatment in six specific situations: diabetes, patient at risk of endocarditis, haemophilia, osteopetrosis, epidermolysis bullosa and treatment with growth hormone. Material and Method: A review of the literature was carried out according to the PRISMA method from the PubMed database. The keywords used were, for diabetes: diabetic, diabetus mellitus, for infective endocarditis: endocarditis, for hemophilia : hemophilia, bleeding disorder, for the use of growth hormone: growth hormone, for epidermolysis bullosa: epidermolysis bullosa and for osteopetrosis: osteopetrosis, associated with the request « orthodontic ¼ or « tooth movement ¼. Results and Conclusion: None of these situations constituted an absolute contraindication to orthodontic treatment. However, if surgical procedures with potential for complications were necessary, a compromise should then be discussed in order to provide the best benefit/risk balance for patients.

Introduction: La démocratisation de l'accès aux traitements orthodontiques et le développement de l'orthodontie chez l'adulte amène de plus en plus les praticiens à prendre en charge des patients atteints de pathologies générales diverses. Le but de la présente revue de littérature était de préciser les recommandations encadrant les traitements orthodontiques dans six situations particulières : diabète, patient à risque d'endocardite, hémophilie, ostéopétrose, épidermolyse bulleuse et traitement par l'hormone de croissance. Matériel et méthode: Une revue de la littérature a été réalisée selon la méthode PRISMA à partir de la base de données PubMed. Les mots-clés utilisés étaient, pour le diabète : diabetic, diabetus mellitus, pour l'endocardite infectieuse : endocarditis, pour l'hémophilie : hemophilia, bleeding disorder, pour l'utilisation de l'hormone de croissance : growth hormone, pour les épidermolyses bulleuses : epidermolysis bullosa et pour l'ostéopétrose : osteopetrosis, associés à la requête « orthodontic ¼ ou « tooth movement ¼. Résultats et conclusion: Aucune de ces situations ne constituait une contre-indication absolue à un traitement orthodontique. Toutefois, si des actes chirurgicaux à potentiel de complications étaient nécessaires, un compromis devait alors être discuté afin d'apporter la meilleure balance bénéfice / risque pour les patients.

Mandibular advancement device use in obstructive sleep apnea: ORCADES study 5-year follow-up data.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Mandibular advancement devices (MADs) are an alternative to continuous positive airway pressure for the management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The ORthèse d'avanCée mAndibulaire dans le traitement en DEuxième intention du SAHOS sévère (ORCADES) study is investigating the long-term effectiveness of MAD therapy in patients with OSA who refused or were intolerant of continuous positive airway pressure. Five-year follow-up data are presented. METHODS: Data were available in 172 of 331 patients treated with a custom-made computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing biblock MAD (Narval CC; ResMed, Saint-Priest, France). The primary end point was treatment success (≥50% decrease in apnea-hypopnea index from baseline). RESULTS: Five-year treatment success rates were 52% overall and 25%, 52%, and 63%, respectively, in patients with mild, moderate, or severe OSA. This reflects a decline over time vs 3-6 months (79% overall) and 2 years (68%). Rates declined in all patient subgroups but to the greatest extent in patients with mild OSA. The slight worsening of respiratory parameters over time was not associated with any relevant changes in sleepiness and symptoms. Moderate or severe OSA at baseline, treatment success at 3-6 months, and no previous continuous positive airway pressure use were significant independent predictors of 5-year treatment success on multivariate analysis. No new safety signals emerged during long-term follow-up. The proportion of patients using their MAD for ≥4 h/night on ≥4 days/wk was 93.3%; 91.3% of patients reported device use of ≥6 h/night at 5 years. At 5-year follow-up, 96.5% of patients reported that they wanted to continue MAD therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term MAD therapy remained effective after 5 years in >50% of patients, with good levels of patient satisfaction and adherence. CITATION: Vecchierini MF, Attali V, Collet JM, et al. Mandibular advancement device use in obstructive sleep apnea: ORCADES study 5-year follow-up data. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(8):1695-1705.

Efficacy and tolerability of a custom-made Narval mandibular repositioning device for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: ORCADES study 2-year follow-up data.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Mandibular repositioning device (MRD) therapy is an alternative to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The Orkney Complex Disease Study-ORCADES study is assessing the long-term efficacy and tolerability of MRD therapy in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS); two-year follow-up data are presented. PATIENTS/METHODS: OSAS patients who refused or were noncompliant with CPAP were fitted with a custom-made computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) bi-block MRD (ResMed, Narval CC™); mandibular advancement was individually titrated. Sleep and respiratory parameters were determined at baseline, 3-6 months, and two years. The primary endpoint was treatment success (percentage of patients achieving a ≥50% reduction in the apnoea-hypopnoea index [AHI]). RESULTS: Of 315 enrolled patients, 237 remained on MRD treatment at two years, and 197 had follow-up data. The treatment success rate at two years was 67%; AHI <5/h, <10/h and <15/h was achieved in 30%, 56% and 72% of patients, respectively. On multivariate analysis, ≥50% decrease in AHI at 3-6 months and absence of nocturia at 3-6 months were significant predictors of MRD treatment continuation. Adverse events were generally mild, and the majority occurred in the first year of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Two years' treatment with an MRD was effective and well tolerated in patients with mild to severe OSAS who refused or were intolerant of CPAP.

[Surgery First : prediction for skeletal objectives through structural analysis. Comparison of Sassouni and Delaire analysis]. / Surgery First : détermination des objectifs squelettiques à partir des analyses structurales. Comparaison des analyses de Delaire et de Sassouni.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to compare two structural cephalometric analysis (Delaire and Sassouni) as surgical decision tools. These two analyses do not include dental compensation for skeletal discrepancies and have been proven reliable especially for the Sendai surgery first protocol developed by Sugawara. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The two analysis were performed on 20 surgical cases and the proposed skeletal modifications were compared in order to measure the differences and see if those differences varied according to the facial type. For 10 cases the Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) images obtained from Dolphin 11.95 Premium software (based on the presurgical CBCT and facial photographs) allowed a comparison of the two analyses as surgical decision indicators and to the realised surgical procedure. The VSP photographs obtained were graded by two panels: one professional and the other one non professional. RESULTS: Sassouni's analysis favored more forward movements for the maxilla (ENA +5,45) as well as more vertical modifications (Me 1,595). The facial type did not appear to have a significant effect. The quality of Dolphin VSP prediction was judged rather reliable above average (3.7/6) by the panels. The VSP photographs obtained from the two analyses were presented to the panels as well as the VSP obtained from the actual surgery. The three facial outcomes: Sassouni, Delaire and "Surgery Realised" called Dolphin showed some potentially interesting differences. The small size of the sample did not show any significant findings (t test) but a special analysis revealed a valid difference between the three outcomes. The most aesthetic being Dolphin (surgery realised) 17.4 then Sassouni 16.6 (diff 0.8) and finally Delaire 14 (diff 2.6). CONCLUSIONS: The two structural analysis Delaire and Sassouni did not give the same surgical objectives. Sassouni favored more forward movements for the maxilla as well as more vertical modifications. The Dolphin software appeared to be the quite reliable software to predict the facial outcomes of the surgery. The VSP photographs obtained using Sassouni's analysis were more balanced than when the Delaire analysis was followed (16.4/14 = +2.6). The VSP based on the actual surgery was judged to be even more aesthetic. This shows that beyond a cephalometric analysis the facial aesthetic details and the functional analysis are very important during the phase of surgical planning.

Mandibular advancement reveals long-term suppression of breathing discomfort in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) patients do not report breathing discomfort in spite of abnormal upper airway mechanics. We studied respiratory sensations in OSAS patients without and with mandibular advancement device (MAD). Fifty-seven moderate to severe non obese OSAS patients were asked about breathing discomfort using visual analogue scales (VAS) in the sitting position (VAS-1), after lying down (VAS-2), then with MAD (VAS-3). Awake critical closing pressure (awake Pcrit) was measured in 15 patients without then with MAD. None of the patients reported breathing discomfort when sitting but 19 patients (33%) did when lying (VAS-2: -20% or less). A feeling of "easier breathing" with MAD was observed and was more marked in patients reporting breathing discomfort when supine (VAS-3: +66.0% [49.0; 89.0]) than in those not doing so (VAS-3: +28.5% [1.0; 56.5], p = 0.007). MAD-induced change in awake Pcrit was correlated to VAS-3. In conclusion, MAD revealed "latent dyspnea" related to the severity of upper airways mechanics abnormalities in OSAS patients.

[Benef its of innovation in orthognathic surgery for OSA]. / Place de l'innovation dans la chirurgie orthognathique du syndrome d'apnées obstructives du sommeil.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common, multifactorial disease resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Gold standard treatment is nocturnal positive airway pressure. Maxillomandibular advancement is a surgical technique used to treat obstructive sleep apnea. Development of guided surgery has modified patient care in cases of maxillomandibular dysgnathia. Two case reports illustrate the impact of new technologies on surgical treatment of this condition. New technologies such as the recent development of surgical guides help surgical management.

Sex differences in mandibular repositioning device therapy effectiveness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

PURPOSE: Mandibular repositioning devices (MRDs) are an effective treatment option for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), particularly in patients who refuse or cannot tolerate continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). However, sex differences in the response to therapy and predictors of response are not clearly defined. This analysis of data from the long-term prospective ORCADES trial compared MRD efficacy in men and women with OSAS. METHODS: The ORCADES study included patients with newly diagnosed mild-to-moderate or severe OSAS who refused or were non-compliant with CPAP. MRD therapy was titrated over 3-6 months. The primary endpoint was treatment success (≥ 50% decrease in apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)). Complete response was defined using a range of AHI cut-off values (< 5/h, < 10/h, < 15/h). RESULTS: Overall treatment success rates were 89% in women and 76% in men (p = 0.019); corresponding rates in those with severe OSAS (AHI > 30/h) were 100% and 68% (p = 0.0015). In women vs. men, overall complete response rates at AHI cut-off values of < 5/h, <10/h, and < 15/h were 49 vs. 34% (p = 0.0052), 78 vs. 62% (p = 0.016), and 92 vs. 76% (p = 0.0032). On multivariate analysis, significant predictors of MRD treatment success were overbite and baseline apnea index in men, and neck circumference and no previous CPAP therapy in women. There were sex differences in the occurrence of side effects. Temporomandibular joint pain was the most common reason for stopping MRD therapy. CONCLUSIONS: MRD therapy was effective in women with OSA of any severity, with significantly higher response rates compared with men especially in severe OSAS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01326143).

Three-dimensional reconstructions of CT scans and cone beam CT of impacted maxillary canines in order to locate areas of ankylosis before orthodontic traction.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to model impacted maxillary canines and determine whether areas of ankylosis were present before undertaking orthodontic traction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Amira/ResolveRT™ software, version 5.0, by FEI Company is a meshing and surface-rendering program that was used to produce three-dimensional reconstructions from CT scans and cone beam images of the impacted canines of 30 patients (10 cone beam files and 20 CT scan files). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The presence of zones of ankylosis on the roots of certain impacted canines is revealed by the inversion of the direction of meshing on the tooth surface and on a larger scale by invagination of bone tissue into the tooth tissue at various densities measured in Hounsfield units by the AMIRA™ software program. This observation can guide treatment towards extraction of the impacted tooth, its autotransplantation, or deep alveolar corticotomy, followed by mobilization when the canine is in a vestibular position. CONCLUSION: AMIRA™ software made it possible to detect zones of ankylosis on the roots of certain impacted canines and to adopt a treatment program different from conventional surgico-orthodontic traction. The final aim is to reposition the impacted canine without endangering the adjacent teeth.

[Optimization of the final lingual occlusion: an analysis]. / Optimisation de l'occlusion statique linguale terminale : une analyse.

INTRODUCTION: The objectives of orthodontic treatment are to achieve a functional, aesthetic and sustainable occlusion. However, its analysis is often limited to the study of its buccal side, easy to check in mouth. Yet, the lingual occlusion is also of paramount importance. MATERIAL AND METHOD: After calling to mind the ideal static objectives of treatment, described by some authors and defined by some scientific societies, this article studies the different supports for the analysis of lingual static occlusion and proposes a new protocol for the carving of orthodontic casts. RESULTS: The lingual occlusion end-of-treatment objectives lack details, whether by the scientific societies or literature, although we possess simple ways to study them. DISCUSSION: The lingual part of occlusion is rarely studied in our daily practice, particularly because its analysis cannot be achieved by a direct intraoral examination. However, it is of major importance in the success and stability of our treatments.

[Effect of dental arch length decrease during orthodontic treatment in the upper airway development. A review]. / Impact de la diminution du périmètre des arcades dentaires lors d'une prise en charge orthodontique dans le développement des voies aériennes supérieures. Une revue de la littérature.

INTRODUCTION: A possible relation between an upper airway space decrease and the development of obstructive sleep apnea syndrom explains the importance to know the effect of the modification of dental arch length on the upper airway during orthodontic treatment. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to expose recent knowledge about upper airway development and dental arch length decrease factors, to determine the influence of this decrease on upper airway development. METHODS: A review was done to determine the upper airway normal development, to define dental arch to specify if an ideal position of dental arch on apical base exists. All of the length dental arch decrease factors during orthodontic treatment (dental extraction, dental agenesis and dental malpositions) and their upper airway resounding were searched. RESULTS: Some authors found a diminution of upper airway space after premolars extractions while others didn't found this diminution after extractions premolars when incisor retraction is finished. A decrease of transversal maxillary diameter and nasal cavity may be due to absence of permanent teeth. CONCLUSION: The effect of dental arch length decrease during orthodontic treatment in the upper airway development was not scientifically proved. However we had to be vigilant and adapt our orthodontic treatment case by case to avoid an upper airway modification.

A custom-made mandibular repositioning device for obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome: the ORCADES study.

BACKGROUND: Mandibular repositioning devices (MRDs) are usually recommended as the first therapy option in patients with mild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). However, data on the long-term efficacy of MRDs are limited, not only in OSA patients who are noncompliant with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) but also in those with more severe OSA. The ORCADES study aimed to prospectively determine the long-term efficacy and tolerability of two custom-made Narval(™) MRDs for obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS) patients. The interim 3- to 6-month data are reported. METHODS: Eligible patients had OSAHS and had refused or were noncompliant with prescribed CPAP. Outcome measurements after gradual mandibular advancement titration included: apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI), oxygen saturation, sleepiness, symptoms, quality of life, side effects and compliance. RESULTS: A total of 369 patients were included. Overall, MRD treatment was successful (≥50% decrease in AHI) in 76.2% of the participants; complete response (AHI <10/h) was achieved in 63.5%. Severe OSAHS was effectively treated (AHI <15/h) in about 60% of the participants; 38% had complete symptom resolution. Mandibular repositioning devices significantly decreased subjective sleepiness, eliminated symptoms and improved quality of life. They were well tolerated and compliance was excellent. Only 8% of the participants stopped MRD treatment due to side effects. CONCLUSION: Custom-made Narval(™) MRDs are effective for mild to severe OSA in patients who refuse or are noncompliant with CPAP. They are well tolerated and have excellent compliance.

[How to choose and deliver orthodontic mini-screws: important notions]. / Choisir et mettre en place les mini-vis d'ancrages orthodontiques : notions importantes.

Orthodontic mini-screws are developing more and more because they make orthodontics easier and broaden its applications. This exponential development has arrived at a well defined mini-screw and a codified installation procedure. The aim of this article is to provide the conceptual elements of mini-screws in order to allow their safe use in orthodontic offices.

[The pendulis appliance: a palatal miniscrew supported molar distalization device]. / Le pendulis : un dispositif de distalisation molaire sur minivis palatine.

The maxillary molar distalization is a valuable therapeutic option in some clinical cases. Its biomechanics is challenging and difficult to obtain. Historically, various devices have been described offering successful solutions to this problem such as the Hilgers Pendulum Appliance (1992) and variants linked to mini screws which recently have shown interesting clinical potential. This article presents a new Pendulum variant using a miniscrew, the "pendulis". It follows the original concept (titanium-molybdenum alloy distalization springs and polymethyl-methacrylate pellet) but dental support is replaced by a single palatal miniscrew (median adults, para-median in children) to which the device is fixed by means of a metal welded cap easily positioned and removable by the practitioner. This allows for better control of the oral hygiene and completely controlled extraoral activation. Fabrication steps are described and instruction of use is illustrated with clinical documentation.

[A classification of cranio-facial syndromes]. / Proposition de classification des syndromes malformatifs cranio-maxillo-faciaux.

How to manage craniofacial malformative cases? It seems to be very difficult, especially in orthodontics because of the lack of consensus. The authors' aim is to propose a physiopathologic classification of these craniofacial syndromes in order to simplify the medical practice when we meet these patients. More than fifty cases are actually treated and followed in our hospital; we have described all of these cases before to choose the most representative in each category. These syndromes are classified in four categories, organ abnormalities of one or many functional matrix, localized abnormalities of the anatomical structures, general abnormalities of the connective tissue, mixed syndromes.