Prevalence and incidence of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in a cohort of cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men diagnosed and treated during acute HIV acquisition in Bangkok, Thailand.

INTRODUCTION: Men who have sex with men (MSM), especially those living with HIV, are at an increased risk of anal cancer. The prevalence and incidence of its precursor, anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs), among MSM who started antiretroviral therapy during acute HIV acquisition are yet to be explored. METHODS: Participants in an acute HIV acquisition cohort in Bangkok, Thailand, who agreed to take part in this study, were enrolled. All participants were diagnosed and started antiretroviral therapy during acute HIV acquisition. Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping and high-resolution anoscopy, followed by anal biopsy as indicated, were done at baseline and 6-monthly visits. RESULTS: A total of 89 MSM and four transgender women were included in the analyses. Median age at enrolment was 26 years. Baseline prevalence of histologic anal HSIL was 11.8%. With a total of 147.0 person-years of follow-up, the incidence of initial histologic anal HSIL was 19.7 per 100 person-years. Factors associated with incident anal HSIL were anal HPV 16 (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR] 4.33, 95% CI 1.03-18.18), anal HPV 18/45 (aHR 6.82, 95% CI 1.57-29.51), other anal high-risk HPV (aHR 4.23, 95% CI 1.27-14.14), syphilis infection (aHR 4.67, 95% CI 1.10-19.90) and CD4 count <350 cells/mm3 (aHR 3.09, 95% CI 1.28-7.48). CONCLUSIONS: With antiretroviral therapy initiation during acute HIV acquisition, we found the prevalence of anal HSIL among cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men to be similar to those without HIV. Subsequent anal HSIL incidence, although lower than that of those with chronic HIV acquisition, was still higher than that of those without HIV. Screening for and management of anal HSIL should be a crucial part of long-term HIV care for all MSM.

A Randomized Controlled Study of Efficacy and Safety of Accelerated Versus Standard Hepatitis B Vaccination in Patients With Advanced CKD.

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination is crucial for seronegative patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) for protection during dialysis while preparing for transplantation. A standard regimen for HBV vaccination requires 24 weeks to be completed. An accelerated HBV vaccination regimen completed within 8 weeks has shown early effective seroconversion in healthcare workers. However, data for patients with advanced CKD are limited. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in patients with advanced CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [GFR] <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2) and patients on dialysis. The patients were randomly assigned to either a standard HBV vaccination regimen (Engerix B; 40 µg at 0, 4, 8, and 24 weeks) or an accelerated regimen (40 µg at 0, 1, 4, and 8 weeks). The hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) were measured at 12, 28, and 52 weeks. Seroconversion were defined as anti-HBs ≥10 IU/l. Results: At 12 weeks, among the intention-to-treat (ITT) population of 133 participants (65 in the accelerated and 68 in the standard groups), the accelerated group demonstrated significantly higher rates of seroconversion (83.08% vs. 63.24%, P = 0.01). In the per-protocol (PP) analysis of 125 patients (62 in the standard and 63 in the accelerated groups), the accelerated group exhibited higher seroconversion rate compared with the standard group (85.71% vs. 69.35%, P = 0.03). At 28 and 52 weeks, the seroconversion rates were similar between the 2 groups. Conclusion: In patients with advanced CKD, the accelerated HBV vaccination regimen demonstrated a significantly higher seroconversion rate at 12 weeks of vaccination. This finding suggests that the accelerated regimen is an effective option to achieve rapid seroconversion before initiating hemodialysis or before undergoing kidney transplantation.

The plasma kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio as a biomarker of tuberculosis disease in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: an exploratory nested case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Non-sputum-based tests are needed to predict or diagnose tuberculosis (TB) disease in people living with HIV (PWH). The enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) is expressed in tuberculoid granuloma and catabolizes tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn). IDO1 activity compromises innate and adaptive immune responses, promoting mycobacterial survival. The plasma Kyn-to-Trp (K/T) ratio is a potential TB diagnostic and/or predictive biomarker in PWH on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS: We compared plasma K/T ratios in samples from PWH, who were followed up prospectively and developed TB disease after ART initiation. Controls were matched for age and duration of ART. Kyn and Trp were measured at 3 timepoints; at TB diagnosis, 6 months before TB diagnosis and 6 months after TB diagnosis, using ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The K/T ratios were higher for patients with TB disease at time of diagnosis (median, 0.086; IQR, 0.069-0.123) compared to controls (0.055; IQR 0.045-0.064; p = 0.006), but not before or after TB diagnosis. K/T ratios significantly declined after successful TB treatment, but increased upon treatment failure. The K/T ratios showed a parabolic correlation with CD4 cell counts in participants with TB (p = 0.005), but there was no correlation in controls. CONCLUSIONS: The plasma K/T ratio helped identify TB disease and may serve as an adjunctive biomarker for for monitoring TB treatment in PWH. Validation studies to ascertain these findings and evaluate the optimum cut-off for diagnosis of TB disease in PWH should be undertaken in well-designed prospective cohorts. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00411983.

Maternal Education and Child Self-Regulation: Do Maternal Self-Regulation and Responsiveness Mediate the Association?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the mediating role of observed maternal responsiveness and maternal self-regulation on the association between maternal education and children's self-regulation. METHODS: English-speaking mother-child dyads (n = 189) were recruited from a previous study and were eligible if the child was kindergarten eligible at the start of the 2020 to 2021 or 2021 to 2022 school year. Key measures included: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form for maternal emotional self-regulation, Culturally Affirming and Responsive Experiences for maternal responsiveness, and the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders for child self-regulation. The association between years of maternal education and child self-regulation was examined with linear regression, and the mediation analyses utilized 4 subsequent steps examining their relations. These steps were checked through a series of linear regressions, and beta weights were used to describe associations. Each potential mediator was examined separately. RESULTS: Children of mothers with higher education had significantly higher self-regulation, slope of 1.3 (95% confidence interval 0.3, 2.4, P = 0.015, beta = 0.18). Further, mothers with higher education had significantly higher observed responsiveness. The beta-weight of 0.34 (P < 0.001) supported maternal responsiveness as a mediator. Finally, in the test for direct and indirect effects, observed maternal responsiveness explained 29% (95% confidence interval 3.3%, 115%) of the association between maternal education and child self-regulation. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights a key mechanism related to children's self-regulation skills and the significant role of observed maternal responsiveness in explaining the association between maternal education and child self-regulation.

The importance of community resources for breastfeeding.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding has long-lasting effects on children's cognition, behavioral, mental and physical health. Previous research shows parental characteristics (e.g., education, race/ethnicity, income level) are associated with breastfeeding initiation and duration. Further, research shows significant variation in access to community resources by race/ethnicity. It is unclear how community resources may impact breastfeeding practices and how this might intersect with maternal race/ethnicity. METHODS: This study combined nationally-representative data from the Study of Attitudes and Factors Effecting Infant Care (SAFE), which surveyed US mothers immediately after the infant's birth and at two to six months of infant age, with the Child Opportunity Index (COI) 2.0, a census tract measure of community resources associated with child development, to explore the association between community resources and breastfeeding initiation and whether this varies based on maternal race/ethnicity and country of birth. The SAFE Study used a stratified, two-stage, clustered design to obtain a nationally representative sample of mothers of infants, while oversampling Hispanic and non-Hispanic (NH) Black mothers. The SAFE study enrolled mothers who spoke English or Spanish across 32 US birth hospitals between January 2011 and March 2014. RESULTS: After accounting for individual characteristics, mothers residing in the highest-resourced communities (compared to the lowest) had significantly greater likelihood of breastfeeding. Representation in higher-resourced communities differed by race/ethnicity. Race/ethnicity did not significantly moderate the association between community resources and breastfeeding. In examining within race/ethnic groups, however, community resources were not associated with non-US born Black and Hispanic mothers' rates of breastfeeding, while they were with US born Black and Hispanic mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that even health behaviors like breastfeeding, which we often associate with individual choice, are connected to the community resources within which they are made. Study implications point to the importance of considering the impact of the contextual factors that shape health and as a potential contributor to understanding the observed race/ethnicity gap.

Framingham risk score based vascular outcomes in acute versus chronic HIV cohorts after 6 years of ART.

INTRODUCTION: Immune dysregulation persists in people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and may lead to accelerated vascular ageing and cardiovascular disease (CVD). While delayed time to initiation of ART has been linked to worse cardiovascular outcomes, the effect of ART initiation during acute infection on these outcomes is not well understood. METHODS: Participants were enrolled from the SEARCH010/RV254 acute HIV (AHI) and HIV-NAT chronic HIV (CHI) cohorts in Thailand. Participants with 6-year follow-up and viral suppression (viral load < 50 copies/µL) at follow-up were included. Both unmatched cohorts and age and gender-matched cohorts were analysed. Demographics, HIV laboratories, and cardiovascular risk factors from enrolment and 6-year follow-up were obtained from electronic records. Framingham Risk Score (FRS), vascular age (VA), vascular age deviation (VAD), and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk were calculated from previously published equations. Vascular outcomes in AHI and CHI cohorts were compared, and univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were used to investigate risk factors associated with worse vascular scores. RESULTS: In all, 373 AHI participants and 608 CHI participants were identified. AHI participants were of younger age, had a higher prevalence of syphilis and a lower prevalence of prior hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diabetes, and hypertension. Higher CD4 T-cell and lower CD8 T-cell counts were seen in the AHI cohort at enrolment and 6-year follow-up. In all participants, the AHI cohort had a lower median FRS (p < 0.001) and VA (p < 0.001), but higher VAD (p < 0.001). However, in matched cohorts, no differences were found in FRS-based outcomes. In all participants, higher VAD after 6 years of ART was associated with higher body mass index (p < 0.001) and higher CD4 count (p < 0.001), which persisted in multivariable analysis. When FRS components were analysed individually, CD4 count was associated only with male sex and cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: We did not identify differences in FRS-based vascular outcomes at 6 years in matched cohorts of participants who started ART during AHI versus CHI. We identified a correlation between higher CD4 count and worse FRS-based vascular outcomes, which may be driven by underlying metabolic risk factors. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and evaluate underlying mechanisms.

Comparing the efficacy of therapeutic Thai acupressure on plantar acupoints and laser cane therapy on freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: a randomized non-inferiority trial.

Background: ON-freezing of gait (ON-FOG) in Parkinson's disease (PD), often resistant to medication, is linked to sensory deficits and proprioceptive impairment, and results in falls and reduced life quality. While visual cues from a laser cane (LC), which rapidly accesses the motor cortex, are commonly used to compensate for proprioceptive impairment, increased visual reliance may be affected by disease progression. Emerging evidence suggests that modulation of peripheral sensory processing may alleviate ON-FOG, and therapeutic Thai acupressure (TTA) may be a solution. This study aims to evaluate the effect of TTA in alleviating ON-FOG and compare its effectiveness to LC in patients with PD. Methods: This open-label, non-inferiority trial randomized 90 PD patients with ON-FOG equally into three arms: TTA for plantar nerve stimulation for 96 s, LC for visual cueing, and sham control (SC). Stride length was the primary non-inferiority endpoint [non-inferiority margin: lower limit of 95% confidence interval (CI) above -10 cm in mean change difference in pre- and immediately post-intervention in TTA versus LC (one-sided)]. Secondary outcomes included FOG episodes, double support time, velocity, cadence, step length, timed up and go (TUG) test, and visual analog scale (VAS) score. Results: TTA showed non-inferiority to LC in stride length (mean = -0.7 cm; 95% CI: -6.55; 5.15) (one-sided). The improvements with TTA and LC versus SC were comparable between (mean = 13.11 cm; 95% CI: 7.26; 18.96) and (mean = 13.8 cm; 95% CI: 7.96; 19.65) (one-sided). Secondary outcomes favored TTA and LC over SC with improved FOG, velocity, step length, and VAS scores, while only TTA resulted in improved double support time, cadence, and TUG test results. No complications occurred. Conclusion: The efficacy of TTA, which improves stride length, is non-inferior to that of LC and consequently alleviates FOG comparable to LC. TTA might enhance proprioceptive function and reduce visual dependence. Therefore, TTA, characterized by its non-invasive, simple, and safe techniques, is a potential non-pharmacological alternative for ON-FOG treatment and might enhance overall quality of life. However, further research into the mechanism, efficacy, and utilization of TTA is essential. Clinical trial registration: https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20200317001, identifier TCTR20200317001.

Immunogenicity and safety of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with inactivated and adenoviral vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccines - A prospective multi-center study.

Background: During the peak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Thailand when the emergence of delta variant reduced the efficacy of inactivated vaccine, Thailand had abundance of inactivated vaccine but mRNA vaccine was not available and the supply of adenoviral-vectored vaccine was limited. The heterologous vaccination using CoronaVac and ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 vaccines was applied. We aim to compare the immunogenicity of immune response of primary vaccination with homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and heterologous vaccination with CoronaVac and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Methods: A total of 430 adults, scheduled to receive ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 as their second dose of primary COVID-19 vaccination, were enrolled. Participants were classified into two groups based on the first dose vaccine as CoronaVac (heterologous group) or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (homologous group). The primary outcome was antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (anti-RBD) titres at 28 days after the second dose of vaccination. Secondary outcomes were anti-RBD titres at 90 days, surrogate viral neutralizing test (sVNT) at 28 and 90 days, and adverse events. Findings: In 358 participants with correct vaccine interval, the anti-RBD geometric mean titre ratio for the heterologous versus homologous group was 0.55 (95%CI; 0.44-0.067); p < 0.001 at day 28, and 0.80 (95%CI; 0.65-1.00); P = 0.05 at day 90. Median sVNT neutralizing activity was not significantly different in the heterologous versus homologous group at 28 days (93.5 vs 92.7 %); p = 0.13, but significantly higher in the heterologous group at day 90 (82.9 vs 76.4 %); p = 0.01. Interpretation: The homologous vaccination resulted in higher anti-RBD titres at 28 days after vaccination, but titres in the homologous group showed more rapid decline at 90 days. In the sVNT assay, median neutralization was similar at 28 days, but was longer-lasting and higher in the heterologous group at 90 days. Funding: This research received funding from the Royal College of Physicians of Thailand special grant 2021 for research initiative during COVID-19 pandemic.

Phase II prefusion non-stabilised Covid-19 mRNA vaccine randomised study.

ChulaCov19 mRNA vaccine demonstrated promising phase 1 results. Healthy adults aged 18-59 years were double-blind randomised 4:1 to receive two intramuscular doses of ChulaCov19 50 µg or placebo. Primary endpoints were safety and microneutralization antibody against-wild-type (Micro-VNT50) at day 50. One hundred fifty adults with median (IQR) age 37 (30-46) years were randomised. ChulaCov19 was well tolerated, and most adverse events were mild to moderate and temporary. Geometric mean titres (GMT) of neutralizing titre against wild-type for ChulaCov19 on day 50 were 1367 IU/mL. T-cell IFN-γ-ELISpot showed the highest responses at one week (Day29) after dose 2 then gradually declined. ChulaCov19 50 µg is well tolerated and elicited high neutralizing antibodies and strong T-cell responses in healthy adults.Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04566276, 28/09/2020.

Improvement of adenoma detection rate by two computer-aided colonic polyp detection systems in high adenoma detectors: a randomized multicenter trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the benefits of a self-developed computer-aided polyp detection system (SD-CADe) and a commercial system (CM-CADe) for high adenoma detectors compared with white-light endoscopy (WLE) as a control. METHODS: Average-risk 50-75-year-old individuals who underwent screening colonoscopy at five referral centers were randomized to SD-CADe, CM-CADe, or WLE groups (1:1:1 ratio). Trainees and staff with an adenoma detection rate (ADR) of ≥35% were recruited. The primary outcome was ADR. Secondary outcomes were the proximal adenoma detection rate (pADR), advanced adenoma detection rate (AADR), and the number of adenomas, proximal adenomas, and advanced adenomas per colonoscopy (APC, pAPC, and AAPC, respectively). RESULTS: The study enrolled 1200 participants. The ADR in the control, CM-CADe, and SD-CADe groups was 38.3%, 50.0%, and 54.8%, respectively. The pADR was 23.0%, 32.3%, and 38.8%, respectively. AADR was 6.0%, 10.3%, and 9.5%, respectively. After adjustment, the ADR and pADR in both intervention groups were significantly higher than in controls (all P<0.05). The APC in the control, CM-CADe, and SD-CADe groups was 0.66, 1.04, and 1.16, respectively. The pAPC was 0.33, 0.53, and 0.64, respectively, and the AAPC was 0.07, 0.12, and 0.10, respectively. Both CADe systems showed significantly higher APC and pAPC than WLE. AADR and AAPC were improved in both CADe groups versus control, although the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Even in high adenoma detectors, CADe significantly improved ADR and APC. The AADR tended to be higher with both systems, and this may enhance colorectal cancer prevention.

Monocyte to lymphocyte ratio and hemoglobin level to predict tuberculosis after antiretroviral therapy initiation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the performance of the baseline monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), baseline anemia severity and combination of these biomarkers, to predict tuberculosis (TB) incidence in people with HIV (PWH) after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. DESIGN: Multicenter, retrospective cohort study. METHODS: We utilized the data from study A5175 (Prospective Evaluation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Resource-limited Settings: PEARLS). We assessed the utility of MLR, anemia severity and in combination, for predicting TB in the first year after ART. Cox regression was used to assess associations of MLR and anemia with incident TB. Harrell's C index was used to describe single model discrimination. RESULTS: A total of 1455 participants with a median age of 34 [interquartile range (IQR) 29, 41] were included. Fifty-four participants were diagnosed with TB. The hazard ratio (HR) for incident TB was 1.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-3.07]; P  = 0.04 for those with MLR ≥0.23. The HR for mild/mod anemia was 3.35 (95% CI 1.78-6.29; P  < 0.001) and 18.16 (95% CI 5.17-63.77; P  < 0.001) for severe anemia. After combining parameters, there were increases in adjusted HR (aHR) for MLR ≥0.23 to 1.83 (95% CI 1.05-3.18), and degrees of anemia to 3.38 (95% CI 1.80-6.35) for mild/mod anemia and 19.09 (95% CI 5.43-67.12) for severe anemia. CONCLUSIONS: MLR and hemoglobin levels which are available in routine HIV care can be used at ART initiation for identifying patients at high risk of developing TB disease to guide diagnostic and management decisions.

Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory infections among hospitalized children under 5 years of age in a tertiary care center in Bangkok, Thailand, 2019-2020.

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are common in children and can range in severity from mild self-limiting illnesses to more severe conditions such as pneumonia and respiratory failure. Data on the epidemiology of viral and bacterial pathogens causing ARIs in children are scarce in this region. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of pathogens in children aged ≤5 years presenting with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Bangkok, Thailand. The impact of rapid multiplex PCR-based testing on clinical management is also explored. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled consecutive children aged ≤5 years presenting with SARI at a tertiary care centre in Bangkok, Thailand, between 2019 and 2020. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected once at admission, and viral and bacterial pathogens were tested using the QIAstat-Dx respiratory panel. Results: A total of 169 children were enrolled in this study. At least one pathogenic virus was detected in 91.7 % of participants. Based on the final diagnoses made upon discharge, 30.2 % had upper respiratory tract infection, whereas 66.3 % had lower respiratory tract infection. Pneumonia was the most common diagnosis (59.2 %). The most common pathogen identified was rhino/enterovirus (45.2 %), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (31.6 %) and parainfluenza virus (14.2 %). Co-infection was found in 15.4 % and was not associated with increased disease severity. Conclusions: This study provides additional insights into the pathogen profiles, clinical diagnosis, and co-infection combinations of ARIs in hospitalized children. This information is useful for diagnosis and treatment of ARIs, as well as implementation of appropriate infection control measures and guidance for future vaccine policy development.

Outcomes of COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients in the vaccination Era: A national multicenter cohort from Thailand.

Introduction: The mortality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) has significantly decreased with the implementation of vaccination programs. However, the real-world information on the impact of vaccinations, particularly in resource limited settings in Asia, is still limited. Methods: The Thai Transplant Society conducted a prospective multicenter cohort registry, including KTR diagnosed with COVID-19. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine factors associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes and complications, including death, COVID-19 pneumonia, and superimposed bacterial infection. Results: A total of 413 patients from 17 transplant centers who developed COVID-19 were analyzed. The COVID-19 mortality rate was 5.6 % and the incidence of pneumonia was 18.8 %. With each 10-year increase in age, the risk of death, pneumonia, and bacterial infection increased by 61 %, 32 %, and 43 %, respectively. A total of 11.4 % of KTR received one dose of COVID vaccination (incomplete vaccination), 25.7 % received two doses (complete primary vaccination), 42.6 % received three doses (first booster dose), and 10.4 % received four doses of vaccination (second booster dose). Even a single dose of vaccination significantly decreased the risk of death, pneumonia, and superimposed bacterial infection among KTR compared to those who remained unvaccinated. Completing the primary vaccination (2-dose) reduced the risk of death by 89 %, pneumonia by 88 %, and bacterial infection by 83 % compared to unvaccinated KTR. Receiving a booster dose (third or fourth dose) further reduced the risk of death by 94 %, pneumonia by 95 %, and bacterial infection by 96 % compared to unvaccinated individuals. Conclusions: This Asian cohort demonstrated that the mortality and complications of COVID-19 significantly decreased in KTR after the national immunization. Our study suggests that any type of COVID-19 vaccine can be beneficial in preventing adverse outcomes. Administering booster vaccinations is strongly recommended.

Treatment Outcomes After Switching to Second-Line Anti-Retroviral Therapy: Results From the Thai National Treatment Program.

This study aimed to assess second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes in a National HIV Treatment program. People living with HIV aged ≥18 years initiating first-line ART who switched to second-line protease inhibitor-based regimens from January 2008 to May 2019, with a minimum of 1-year follow-up were studied. The primary outcome was second-line treatment failure (two consecutive virological failure episodes (viral load ≥1000 copies/mL)). Of 318,506 PLH initiating ART, 29,015 (9.1%) switched to second-line regimens after a median (IQR) ART duration of 1.63 (0.60-3.59) years. Lost to follow-up (LTFU) occurred in 5316 (18.3%) of whom 1376 (5%) remained LTFU and alive; 4606 (15.9%) died. Cumulative second-line failure incidence was 9.8% at 6 years, more common in females, younger PLH those with lower switch CD4 cell counts. Multidisciplinary, innovative support systems are needed to improve second-line treatment outcomes, particularly those relating to modifiable risk factors.

Outcomes after switching to second line antiretroviral regimens in the Thai National Treatment programWe assessed the rates of virological failure, losses to follow-up and death in 29,015 people who switched to second line antiretroviral therapy in Thailand. The cumulative rate of virological failure was a 9.8% at 6 years, loss to follow-up occurred in 18.3% (5% who remained alive) and 15.9% died. Women and those with lower CD4 counts at switch had the highest risk of virological failure.

EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for pancreatic cancer (ERAP): An observational open-label pilot study.

Background: No study has compared EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) plus systemic chemotherapy (CMT) with CMT alone for unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Methods: This study compared the results of treatment in patients receiving EUS-RFA plus concomitant CMT (group A; n = 14) with those receiving CMT (group B; n = 14) as a pilot study. Results: From July 2017 to August 2018, 4 and 2 patients from groups A and B, respectively, withdrew from the study because of progression of the disease. In total, 10 and 12 patients from groups A and B, respectively, completed the study. All 30 EUS-RFA procedures were successful. Mean maximal tumor diameter before treatment of group A (n = 10) versus B (n = 12) was 62.2 ± 21.0 versus 50.5 ± 22.0 mm, respectively (P = not significant). After treatment, no statistically significant difference in mean maximal tumor diameter was found between both groups. However, in group B, mean maximal tumor diameter was significantly increased from 50.5 ± 22.0 to 56.3 ± 18.7 mm, respectively (P = 0.017). Tumor necrosis occurred in group A versus B at 10 of 10 (100%) versus 6 of 12 (50%) patients, respectively (P = 0.014). After treatment, group A patients could reduce the mean narcotic pain drug dosage at 26.5 mg of morphine equivalent per day (from 63.6 to 37.1 mg, P = 0.022), whereas group B patients could not reduce the dosage of pain-controlled medication. No statistically significant difference in 6-month mortality rate was found. In group A, 1 procedure-related nonsevere adverse event (n = 1 of 30 [3.3%]) occurred in 1 patient (n = 1 of 14 [7.1%]). Conclusions: In this study, the mean tumor diameter of group B was significantly increased after the treatment. Group A had a significantly higher rate of necrosis of tumor and required less narcotic.

Impact of steatotic liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis on cognitive impairment in people living with HIV: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The link between fatty liver diseases and cognitive impairment among people living with HIV (PLWH) remains unclear. We investigated the association of steatotic liver disease (SLD), advanced liver fibrosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with significant activity and liver fibrosis with cognitive impairment in PLWH. METHODS: Cognitive performance was assessed for PLWH aged ≥50 years on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) with the Thai-validated version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and a cut-off of <25/30 was used to define cognitive impairment. SLD and NASH with significant activity and liver fibrosis were defined as having a controlled attenuation parameter value ≥248 dB/m and a FibroScan-AST (FAST) score ≥0.67, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to investigate the association of cognitive impairment with SLD or NASH. RESULTS: Of the 319 PLWH (63.3% male and 98% had HIV-1 RNA ≤50 copies/mL) included, 74 (38%) had SLD. NASH with significant activity and liver fibrosis was present in 66 (20.1%) participants. Some 192 (60.2%) participants had cognitive impairment. In a multivariable analysis, NASH with significant activity and liver fibrosis was significantly associated with cognitive impairment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.01, 95% CI 1.02-3.98, p = 0.04), after adjusting for HIV-related parameters, age, sex, body mass index, employment status, education, income level, smoking, alcohol use, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and HIV-related parameters. The association of a lone diagnosis of SLD and cognitive impairment was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: NASH with significant activity and liver fibrosis was associated with lower cognitive performance, even after controlling for demographics and HIV disease parameters. Additional research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms.

Cellular immune response of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Evidence has demonstrated inferior humoral immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients compared to the general population. However, data on cellular immune responses in this population have not been established. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane databases and included studies reporting cellular immune response rates in kidney transplant recipients after receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Studies that reported factors associated with cellular immune responders or non-responders were also included (PROSPERO: CRD42022375544). Results: From a total of 1,494 articles searched, 53 articles were included in the meta-analysis. In all, 21 studies assessed cellular immune response by interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (IFN-γ ELISPOT), 22 studies used interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), and 10 studies used flow cytometric analysis. The pooled response rate after two doses (standard regimen) and three doses of vaccination was 47.5% (95%CI 38.4-56.7%) and 69.1% (95%CI 56.3-80.6%) from IFN-γ ELISPOT, 25.8% (95%CI 19.7-32.4%) and 14.7% (95%CI 8.5-22.2%) from IGRA, and 73.7% (95%CI 55.2-88.8%) and 86.5% (95%CI 75.3-94.9%) from flow cytometry, respectively. Recipients with seroconversion were associated with a higher chance of having cellular immune response (OR 2.58; 95%CI 1.89-3.54). Cellular immune response in kidney transplant recipients was lower than in dialysis patients (OR 0.24; 95%CI 0.16-0.34) and the general population (OR 0.10; 95%CI 0.07-0.14). Age and immunosuppressants containing tacrolimus or corticosteroid were associated with inferior cellular immune response. Conclusion: Cellular immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients was lower than in dialysis patients and the general population. Age, tacrolimus, and corticosteroid were associated with poor response. Cellular immune response should also be prioritized in vaccination studies. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022375544.

Acute effect of various dosages of sugar ingestion on vascular function in offspring of hypertensive and normotensive parents.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study vascular function in healthy men with a parental history of hypertension compared to those without. Acute effect of various dosages of sugar ingestion on vascular function was also investigated in both groups. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy men were recruited and divided into two groups, offspring of hypertensive parents (OHT) and offspring of normotensive parents (ONT). Participants were orally given 15, 30, and 60 g of sucrose solution compared to water. Peak forearm blood flow (FBF), forearm vascular resistance (FVR), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and oxidative stress markers were measured at baseline and after sucrose intake at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. RESULTS: At baseline, peak FBF was significantly lower (22.40 ±â€Š1.18 vs. 25.24 ±â€Š0.63 ml × dl -1  × min -1 , P  < 0.001), FVR was significantly higher (3.73 ±â€Š0.42 vs. 3.30 ±â€Š0.26 mmHg × ml -1  × dl × min, P  = 0.002), and PWV was significantly faster (6.31 ±â€Š0.59 vs. 5.78 ±â€Š0.61 m/s, P  = 0.017) in OHT than ONT. After each sucrose intake, peak FBF significantly declined and was lowest at 30 min in both groups. The reduction in peak FBF was seen in all doses of sucrose and the higher dose of sucrose intervened, the longer reduction in peak FBF observed. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular function was attenuated in healthy men with a family history of hypertension and became worse after sucrose ingestion even at the low dose. Our findings suggest that the ones, especially those with a parental history of hypertension, should reduce sugar consumption as low as possible.

High-Sensitivity Troponins and Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis Evaluated by Coronary Calcium Score Among Older Asians Living With Well-Controlled Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Background: Elevated levels of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) are suggestive of myocardial cell injury and coronary artery disease. We explored the association between hs-cTn and subclinical arteriosclerosis using coronary artery calcification (CAC) scoring among 337 virally suppressed patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who were ≥50 years old and without evidence of known coronary artery disease. Methods: Noncontrast cardiac computed tomography and blood sampling for hs-cTn, both subunit I (hs-cTnI) and subunit T (hs-cTnT), were performed. The relationship between CAC (Agatston score) and serum hs-cTn levels was analyzed using Spearman correlation and logistic regression models. Results: The patients, of whom 62% were male, had a median age of 54 years and had been on antiretroviral therapy for a median of 16 years; the CAC score was >0 in 50% of patients and ≥100 in 16%. Both hs-cTn concentrations were positively correlated with the Agatston score, with correlation coefficients of 0.28 and 0.27 (P < .001) for hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT, respectively. hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT concentrations of ≥4 and ≥5.3 pg/mL, respectively, provided the best performance for discriminating patients with Agatston scores ≥100, with a sensitivity and specificity of 76% and 60%, respectively, for hs-cTnI and 70% and 50% for hs-cTnT. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, each log unit increase in hs-cTnI level was independently associated with increased odds of having an Agatston score ≥100 (odds ratio, 2.83 [95% confidence interval, 1.69-4.75]; P <.001). Although not an independent predictor, hs-cTnT was also associated with an increased odds of having an Agatston score ≥100 (odds ratio, 1.58 [95% confidence interval, .92-2.73]; P = .10). Conclusions: Among Asians aged ≥50 years with well-controlled HIV infection and without established cardiovascular disease, 50% had subclinical arteriosclerosis. Increasing hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT concentrations were associated with an increased risk of severe subclinical arteriosclerosis, and hs-cTn may be a potential biomarker to detect severe subclinical arteriosclerosis.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis With Liver Fibrosis as Predictors of New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in People With HIV: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) plus or minus a concurrent diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and incident diabetes mellitus (DM) and the risk factors associated with NAFLD or NASH development. METHODS: In this prospective study, we analyzed people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PWH) aged ≥18 years without excessive alcohol consumption or hepatitis coinfections. NAFLD was defined as controlled attenuation parameter ≥248 dB/m, whereas NASH with significant disease activity and liver fibrosis was defined as a FibroScan-AST score ≥0.67. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to investigate the association between NAFLD with or without NASH and new-onset DM. RESULTS: Of 847 PWH, the median age at baseline was 45 years (interquartile range, 38-51; 43% female). Baseline NAFLD was associated with 2.8-fold higher risk of new-onset DM after adjusting for age, sex, family history of DM, antiretroviral therapy duration, smoking, statin use, stavudine/didanosine/zidovudine exposure, time-updated body mass index, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Combined NAFLD and NASH at baseline had 3.1-fold higher new-onset DM risk. In separate analyses, baseline DM did not predict progression to NAFLD or NASH, but tenofovir alafenamide use was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD (hazard ratio [HR], 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-4.02) or NASH development (2.31; 95% CI, 1.12-5.11). CONCLUSIONS: NAFLD alone or combined with NASH strongly predicts new-onset DM. This highlights the need for systematic risk assessments and management of NAFLD/NASH, as it may contribute to metabolic complications such as DM and subsequent cardiovascular diseases in PWH.