RESUMO
Gynaecologists in general are not trained to manage terminally ill patients. This article discusses the purpose of terminal care, some ethical difficulties in management, and who should be caring for these patients. It also reviews the clinical improvements that have developed over the past 10 years in other disciplines and their application to gynaecology.
Assuntos
Neoplasias dos Genitais Femininos/terapia , Assistência Terminal/métodos , Ascite/etiologia , Ascite/terapia , Nutrição Enteral , Ética Médica , Feminino , Hidratação , Neoplasias dos Genitais Femininos/complicações , Neoplasias dos Genitais Femininos/diagnóstico , Neoplasias dos Genitais Femininos/mortalidade , Ginecologia/métodos , Humanos , Obstrução Intestinal/etiologia , Obstrução Intestinal/terapia , Dor/etiologia , Manejo da Dor , Fístula Retovaginal/etiologia , Fístula Retovaginal/terapia , Fístula Vesicovaginal/etiologia , Fístula Vesicovaginal/terapiaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Oestrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women is thought to be important in the genesis of lower urinary tract symptoms, in particular the 'urge syndrome'. Evidence to support the use of oestrogen therapy in symptomatic postmenopausal women is, however, limited. Oestriol is a weak, naturally occurring oestrogen that may be beneficial to the urogenital tissues without stimulating the endometrium. We have investigated the use of oestriol in the treatment of postmenopausal sensory and motor urge incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multicentre study of 3 mg oral oestriol/day for 3 months in the treatment of women with urge incontinence was undertaken. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Sixty-four women were recruited into the study. Although oestriol produced both subjective and objective improvement in lower urinary tract function, it was not significantly better than placebo. Some of the difficulties of running a multicentre study were encountered.
Assuntos
Estriol/uso terapêutico , Pós-Menopausa , Transtornos Urinários/tratamento farmacológico , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The effect of two beta-adrenergic stimulating agents on bladder and urethral function was assessed in 16 patients 3 weeks after radical hysterectomy for carcinoma of the cervix. Urodynamic evaluation was performed before and after inhalation of metaproterenol by metered dose inhaler in 10 patients and injection of 0.25 mg of terbutaline sc in 6 patients. Although no change was observed following administration of metaproterenol, a significant decrease in maximum urethral pressure and urethral closure pressure, and a significant increase in volume of urine voided was found after administration of terbutaline. These results suggest that beta-sympathomimetic agents may benefit those patients with bladder dysfunction following radical hysterectomy.
Assuntos
Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacologia , Histerectomia/efeitos adversos , Uretra/fisiopatologia , Bexiga Urinária/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Metaproterenol/farmacologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Terbutalina/farmacologia , Uretra/efeitos dos fármacos , Bexiga Urinária/efeitos dos fármacos , Urodinâmica , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/fisiopatologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/cirurgiaRESUMO
Fifty patients undergoing elective caesarean section under epidural analgesia were randomized prospectively to be catheterized with an 'in-out' or an indwelling urethral catheter. Of the patients who had catheterization for the time of surgery alone 44% subsequently required recatheterization, whereas all patients with indwelling catheters voided spontaneously on their removal. The frequency of significant bacteriuria was the same in both groups.
Assuntos
Anestesia Epidural , Cesárea , Cateterismo Urinário , Transtornos Urinários/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Cateteres de Demora , Drenagem , Feminino , Humanos , Período Pós-Operatório , Gravidez , Bexiga Urinária/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Urinários/etiologiaRESUMO
Alterations in circulating gonadotrophins have been reported at the time of onset of menopausal flushes. In order to study this association D-SER(TBU)6-EA10-LHRH, a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist was given intranasally at a dose of 200 micrograms twice daily to 12 post-menopausal women to study its effect on gonadotrophin secretion and hot flushes. Following an initial period of 3-5 days of increased gonadotrophin secretion, pituitary desensitization occurred, with a significant suppression of circulating LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (P less than 0.001) and a reduction in gonadotrophin pulse amplitude (P less than 0.05). This was accompanied by a significant diminution of the pituitary's response to exogenous LHRH (P less than 0.05). However, no significant alteration in the incidence of hot flushes was observed on such therapy.
Assuntos
Busserrelina/administração & dosagem , Rubor/prevenção & controle , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/fisiologia , Gonadotropinas/sangue , Menopausa , Administração Intranasal , Adulto , Feminino , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/urina , Humanos , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Hormônio Luteinizante/urina , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Urodynamic investigations were performed on 20 patients at 48 hours and at four weeks after delivery to assess the effect of modern obstetric practice on the postpartum bladder. Although there were significant differences in some values over this period, the mean urodynamic measurements on both occasions were within normal limits. It is concluded that the current management of labor does not predispose women to bladder hypotonia, the chief factors responsible being avoidance of prolonged labor and early catheterization after delivery.
Assuntos
Trabalho de Parto , Bexiga Urinária/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez , UrodinâmicaRESUMO
The contribution of abdominal-pelvic computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound scanning to the management of gynecologic malignancy patients was assessed retrospectively in 62 scans that were performed immediately preceding laparotomy. A total of 55.5% CT and 71.4% ultrasound scans were found to be helpful. Diagnostic problem areas included the detection of lymph node metastases, peritoneal implants, omental metastases, and parametrial extension. An additional 75 scans performed in patients not undergoing laparotomy were received to assess any alteration in management resulting from the scans. It is concluded that clinicians should be more discriminating in their requests for scanning procedures and that appropriate communication between the clinician and the radiologist may avoid unproductive scans.
Assuntos
Neoplasias dos Genitais Femininos/diagnóstico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Ultrassonografia , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Feminino , Neoplasias dos Genitais Femininos/patologia , Neoplasias dos Genitais Femininos/cirurgia , Humanos , Laparotomia , Metástase Linfática , Invasividade Neoplásica , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The effect of a full bladder containing 300 ml or more of urine was studied during normal established labor in 20 patients and 10 controls. Uterine activity was measured in Montevideo units, and the progress of labor was assessed by partogram before and after catheterization. Although uterine activity increased after catheterization, there was no significant change in the slope of the partogram. It is concluded that a full bladder does not affect the course of normal established labor.
Assuntos
Trabalho de Parto , Bexiga Urinária , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Paridade , Gravidez , Cateterismo Urinário , Contração UterinaRESUMO
Eight stumptailed macaques were injected daily with 5 or 20 micrograms D-Ser(But)6des Gly luteinizing hormone releasing hormone ethylamide (LHRH agonist) for approximately one year in order to prevent ovulation. On the last day of treatment (7 monkeys) or during the mid-luteal phase of the first cycle after treatment (1 monkey), a laparotomy was performed. Uterine size was slightly smaller (P less than 0.01) than in controls with normal cycles (n = 6). A full thickness wedge of anterior uterine wall was excised and examined histologically. Five of the agonist-treated monkeys had endometrium consistent with an atropic or resting proliferative pattern, but in 2 the appearance varied from early proliferative to marked secretory. All appeared entirely benign. The remaining animal studied in the luteal phase after stopping treatment exhibited a normal secretory endometrium. Ovaries from 2 of the LHRH agonist-treated animals were also studied histologically and found to consist of follicles at various stages of maturation. The occurrence of endometrial activity in 2 of the 8 LHRH agonist-treated monkeys stresses the need for careful endometrial assessment during clinical trials involving repeated administration of LHRH agonists in women.
Assuntos
Endométrio/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/análogos & derivados , Hormônios/farmacologia , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Busserrelina , Endométrio/patologia , Estradiol/sangue , Feminino , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/farmacologia , Macaca , Menstruação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovário/patologia , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Progesterona/sangueRESUMO
We questioned 181 healthy pregnant women about their urological symptoms during pregnancy; frequency and stress incontinence were commonest. The incidences of stress incontinence and urge incontinence were increased and that of hesitancy was decreased by pregnancy. Descent of the presenting part did not affect any of these symptoms.
Assuntos
Complicações na Gravidez/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Urinários/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Paridade , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Incontinência Urinária/fisiopatologia , Incontinência Urinária por Estresse/fisiopatologia , MicçãoRESUMO
A retrospective analysis was made of 817 pregnancies that were examined ultrasonically because of the clinical diagnosis of threatened abortion. A total of 285 (34.9%) pregnancies aborted and the majority did so within seven days of ultrasonic examination. This examination predicted the presence of a noncontinuing pregnancy in each case. Very few ultrasonically diagnosed continuing pregnancies subsequently aborted. The incidence of preterm delivery in those pregnancies which continued beyond the 28th week was increased threefold. There was, however, no increased incidence of either congenital abnormalities or growth retarded infants in this group.
Assuntos
Ameaça de Aborto/diagnóstico , Ultrassonografia , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
A preliminary study on 40 female patients who had undergone colposuspension surgery was carried out using four drugs in an attempt to reduce the time taken to void spontaneously following surgery and to define the cause of delay. Oral diazepam given as night sedation, was found to be the most effective drug.