Facial measurements: A guide for vertical dimension.

BACKGROUND: Leonardo de Vinci contributed several observations and drawings on facial proportion and the lower one third of the face. Many facial and body measurements to determine vertical dimension at occlusion. These facial measurements can be implemented in construction of complete denture patients. AIM: This study aims to correlate the vertical dimension at occlusion to 13 anthropometric measurements. Then correlating, which measurement is more accurate to the vertical dimension at occlusion. METHODOLOGY: 20 male and female subjects were selected. Vertical dimension at occlusion and 12 anthropometric parameters were measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Twice the length of the eye and distance between the tip of the thumb and tip of the index finger is closest to the vertical dimension at occlusion in male patients and that vertical distance from the pupil to corner of the mouth, vertical height of the ear is closest to the vertical dimension at occlusion in female patients.

Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1ß levels among subjects vaping e-cigarettes and nonsmokers.

AIM: The present study aimed to evaluate peri-implant immunological parameters along with clinical and radiographic parameters amongst subjects vaping e-cigarettes and nonsmokers (NS). Two immunological parameters that were included were measurement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1ß. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A statistically significant number of subjects were included in the study and further divided into two groups: Group-1: Vaping e-cigs (n = 47) Group-2: Nonsmokers (n = 45) A structured questionnaire was used at baseline for data collection related to demographic and peri-implant data of each individual. Baseline parameters included plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and peri-implant bone loss (PI, BOP, PD, and PIBL, respectively) for those vaping e-cigs and nonsmokers with the aid of standardized digital radiographs. ELISA kit was used to assess immunologic parameters using sulcular fluid collected from peri-implant region (PISF). RESULTS: Bleeding on probing (BOP) was found significantly high in nonsmokers compared to the vaping group. But probing depth greater than 4 mm and PIBL scores were significantly higher in the vaping group than nonsmokers. Mean concentrations of immunologic parameters were significantly higher in vaping group than in nonsmokers. TNF-α levels and IL-1ß levels were found to have a positive correlation with bone loss around implants (PIBL). Besides, TNF-α also had a positive correlation with bleeding on probing in vaping group compared to nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS: Owing to the effect of nicotine on the peri-implant tissue, levels of inflammatory mediators as detected by ELISA tests were found to be higher showing a greater amount of localized inflammatory tissue destruction and a compromised peri-implant area in vaping subjects. PISF concentrations were also found relatively higher than nonsmokers.