Instant and freshness effect of mouth rinses on type 1 (oral) halitosis.

Hygiene deficiency causes type 1 (oral) halitosis. There are short and long-term studies on the anti-halitosis effect of mouth rinses but less knowledge on their instant effects. The aim of this study was to compare instant and freshness effects of 8 mouth rinses on type 1 halitosis. Ninety self-reported halitosis patients (19-58 y.o., median 31) were randomly divided into 9 groups. Cysteine (20 mM) challenge test was applied to obtain maximum halitosis level in the mouth of each patient. Single use of 8 different mouth rinses (R1-R8) and tap water (R0) were tested on each group (n=10). Afterward, patients were requested to score oral freshness effect of the mouth rinse on a 5-point scale (0, bad; 5, fresh). Minimum halitosis level was obtained by rinsing with 20 mMol ZnCL2. In each step, oral gas (organic, NH3, SO2, H2S, H2) concentrations were quantified by using a portable multi-gas detector (MX6, IndSci, US). The ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare the quantitative measurements. R3 (Halitosil Zn) mouth rinse was found to be have the highest instant anti-halitosis effect while the R2 (Colgate plax) had the lowest. The sensation of freshness was highest in R7 (Oxyfresh power mouth rinse lemon-mint) and lowest in R8 (Signal expert protection). The freshness effect was not associated with the anti-halitosis effect (r= 0.185, p=0.608). Mouth rinses containing ZnCl2 without alcohol are instantly effective on halitosis. Mouth rinses containing ethyl and other alcohols (including glycol, sorbitol, menthol, eucalyptol, thymol, xylitol and eugenol) were found to be less effective on halitosis.

La deficiencia de higiene causa halitosis tipo 1 (oral). Se han reportado efectos anti-halitosis a corto o largo plazo de los enjuagatorios bucales, pero se desconocen sus efectos instantáneos. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el efecto instantáneo y de frescura de 8 enjuagues bucales en la halitosis tipo 1. Noventa pacientes (19-58 años, mediana 31) que reportaron sufrir halitosis se dividieron aleatoriamente en 9 grupos. Se aplicó la prueba de provocación con cisterna (20 mM) para obtener el máximo nivel de halitosis en la boca de cada paciente. El uso individual de 8 enjuagues bucales diferentes (R1-R8) y agua del grifo (R0) se probó en cada grupo (n = 10). Posteriormente, se pidió a los pacientes que puntuaran el efecto de la frescura oral del enjuague bucal en una escala de 5puntos (0, malo; 5, fresco). El nivel mínimo de halitosis se obtuvo con 20 mMol de ZnCL2 enjuague. En cada paso, se cuantificaron las concentraciones de gases orales (orgánicos, NH3, SO2, H2S, H2) mediante el uso de un detector portátil de múltiples gases (MX6, IndSci, EE. UU.)Se encontró que el enjuague bucal R3 (Halitosil Zn) tiene un mayor efecto antihalitosis instantáneo, mientras que el R2 (Colgate plax) fue el más bajo. El sentido de frescura fue mayor en el enjuague bucal R7 (enjuague bucal Oxyfresh power lemon-mint) mientras que fue bajo en R8 (protección experta de Signal). El efecto de frescura no se asoció con el efecto anti-halitosis (r = 0.185, p=0.608). Los enjuagues bucales que contienen ZnCl2 sin alcohol son instantáneamente efectivos en la halitosis. Se encontró que los enjuagues bucales que contenían etil y otros alcoholes (incluidos glicol, sorbitol, mentol, eucaliptol, timol, xilitol y eugenol) son menos efectivos para el control de la halitosis.

Obesity without comorbidity may also lead to non-thyroidal illness syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Obesity mediates a series of operations in the body by increasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Cytokines play an important role in the development of non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between obesity and NTIS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 423 subjects were included. The study group was comprised of 219 obese patients without any comorbid disease and the control group was comprised of 204 healthy subjects. Body mass index (BMI), thyroid hormone levels, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), complete blood count, and other biochemical parameters were measured. Frequencies of NTIS were calculated. MedCalc 12.5 software program (MedCalc, Ostend, Belgium) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Groups were statistically different according to BMI (p < 0.001). The mean BMIs of the study and the control group were 34.6 ±5.0 kg/m2 and 22.6 ±1.8 kg/m2, respectively. Obese patients had higher serum hs-CRP levels, ESR and white blood cells (WBC) levels (0.99 ±3.17 mg/L vs 0.39 ±1.09 mg/L; 17.2 ±10.6 mm/h vs 12.6 ±8.0 mm/h; 7.8 ±2.1 103/µL vs 6.9 ±1.5 103/µL, respectively; p < 0.001). There were 21 (9.5%) obese patients with NTIS, while there were none NTIS cases in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). There was a strong association between obesity and NTIS (odds ratio (OR) = 44.2, confidence interval (CI) = 95% 2.66-736.3; p = 0.0082). CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation, which is strongly associated with adipose tissue, may lead to NTIS in obese patients without any comorbid disease.