Effect of activated chlorhexidine and irritrol with photon-induced-photoacoustic-streaming and EDDY® on the dislocation resistance of biodentine.

Background: Irrigant activation techniques, which are more effective in anatomically complex areas, can be used to maximize irrigant efficacy. Aim: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different agitation techniques on the dislocation resistance of Biodentine to the root canal dentin. Materials and Methods: Seventy single-rooted teeth divided into seven experimental groups (n = 10); Group I-Irritrol/Photon-induced-photoacoustic-streaming (PIPS), Group II-Irritrol/EDDY®, Group III- Irritrol/Syringe-needle-irrigation (SNI), Group IV-Chlorhexidine-gluconate (CHX)/PIPS, Group V-CHX/EDDY®, Group VI-CHX/SNI, Group VII-Saline. The midroot dentin slice was obtained from each tooth, and Biodentine was condensed with hand pluggers into the root canal lumen. The push-out bond strength values were measured using a universal testing machine. Each sample was categorized into one of the three failure modes: adhesive/cohesive/mixed. Scanning-Electron-Microscopy (SEM) was used to conduct the analyses, and the composition of Biodentine was analyzed using Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy. The One-way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey's test, and the Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The push-out bond strength values of Biodentine showed that Group VII-Saline had a statistically significant difference (P = 0.002), however, the differences between the other groups were not statistically significant (P = 0.922). The percentages of the failure modes of the samples showed that there was a higher rate of mixed failure except for Group VII-Saline. SEM examination showed that Group VII-Saline had no open dentinal tubules, whereas the other groups, particularly the Irritrol groups, had open dentinal tubule areas. Conclusions: Within the scope of the study, using Irritrol or CHX as the final irrigation in the root canal treatment did not result in differences in the dislocation resistance of Biodentine to root canal dentin when PIPS and EDDY® were used.

Antibacterial efficacy of copper-added chitosan nanoparticles: a confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of copper added chitosan nanoparticles (CU-CNPs) as an irrigation solution with different irrigants in terms of eliminating Enterococcus Faecalis (E. faecalis) from the root canals. Fifty mandibular premolar teeth were prepared and infected with E. faecalis for 21 days. After the incubation period, samples were randomly divided into a control group irrigated with distilled water and 4 experimental groups (n = 10) irrigated with as follows, %6 NaOCl, %6 NaOCl + %9 editronate (HEBP), Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs), and CU-CNPs. To calculate the proportion of dead E. faecalis cell volume, stained using LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit and were scanned using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). All the irrigation solutions significantly (P < .05) killed the bacteria in the canal, except for the control group. CU-CNPs solution killed the highest (P < .05) number of bacteria compared with the other experimental groups. No significant difference was found between CNPs, NaOCl + HEBP, and NaOCl in terms of antibacterial activity. CU-CNPs solution was exhibited higher antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis.

Relationship between the degree of mastoid pneumatization and the presence of persistent foramen of Huschke.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the degree of mastoid pneumatization and the presence of persistent foramen of Huschke (FH). Temporal computed tomography images of 714 patients (1428 ears) who applied to the Otorhinolaryngology Department of Karabuk University Training and Research Hospital between January 2016 and June 2018 were retrospectively analysed. We compared the mastoid pnomatization levels of 95 patients (74 females, 21 males, mean age 53.18±15.09years) who had persistent FH and 135 patients (103 females, 32 males, mean age 54.29±15.82years) with no FH who had similar age and gender. FH was found to be unilateral (right: 23, left: 45) in 68 (71.5%) out of 95 patients with FH, and FH was bilateral in 27 (28.4%) patients. The degree of mastoid pnomatization of the patients with FH was significantly higher than the patients without FH (p=0.015). The degree of pneumatization of the mastoid bone may lead to persistent FH by affecting the ossification process of the tympanic segment, which has a close anatomical relationship with it.

Relationship of age to foramen of Huschke and investigation of the development of spontaneous temporomandibular joint herniation.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, localization, and width of the foramen of Huschke (FH) and the relationship between age and FH. Another aim was to investigate the development of spontaneous temporomandibular joint (TMJ) herniation. This was a retrospective review of high-resolution computed tomography images of the temporal bone of 1025 patients. The prevalence of FH and the axial and sagittal diameters of the foramen were evaluated. Cases were found in which the TMJ had herniated through FH into the EAC. FH was detected in 137 (13.4%) of 1025 patients. The prevalence of FH was higher in females (18.4%) than in males (6.6%) (P<0.001). The presence of FH increased with age (P=0.005). Herniation of the TMJ through FH into the EAC was seen in four patients (0.4%), and 2.9% of patients with FH detected had TMJ herniation into the EAC. As well as being congenital, FH can also be senile; the prevalence may increase with age. Herniation of the TMJ through FH into the EAC is very rare; this was observed in 0.4% of all patients and 2.9% of patients with FH detected.

The evaluation of hormonal and psychological parameters that affect bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we aimed to investigate the relationships between serum levels of DHEAS, reproductive hormones and low bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. We also examined the relationship between psychological status of patients and their BMD results. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included postmenopausal female patients. BMD measurements were performed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Psychological assessments of all cases were performed using the Hamilton Anxiety and Hamilton Depression scales. All patients provided fasting venous blood samples in order to determine serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), and DHEAS. RESULTS: There were 33 cases (45.2%) with normal BMD levels and 40 cases (54.8%) with abnormal BMD levels (osteopenia and osteoporosis). DHEAS levels did not show any statistically significant difference according to BMD results (p = 0.431). The Hamilton Anxiety and Depression scores also did not show statistically significant differences in accordance with the BMD results (p = 0.889 and p = 0.706, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, anxiety, depression and circulating DHEAS levels are not significantly associated with low levels of BMD, particularly at osteopenic levels. So these parameters are not useful for clinical practice in patients with low BMD in the middle-aged postmenopausal women.

A histochemical study of ultraviolet B irradiation and Origanum hypericifolium oil applied to the skin of mice.

Ultraviolet (UV) rays cause skin damage. Chronic exposure to UV irradiation causes decreased collagen synthesis, degenerative changes in collagen bundles, accumulation of elastotic material and increased epidermal thickness. Origanum hypericifolium, an endemic Turkish plant, belongs to Lamiaceae family. The main constituents of its oil are monoterpenes including cymene, carvacrol, thymol and γ-terpinene. The effects of undiluted O. hypericifolium oil on UVB irradiated skin of mice were investigated histochemically. Four groups of female BALB/c mice, whose dorsal hair was shaved, were allocated as follows: non-UVB irradiated (Group 1), UVB-irradiated (Group 2), O. hypericifolium oil treated (Group 3), and O. hypericifolium oil treated and UVB irradiated (Group 4). Sections of dorsal skin samples were stained with Mallory's phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin for collagen fibers and Taenzer-Unna orcein for elastic fibers. Sections also were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to measure epidermal thickness. We observed intense staining of collagen and homogeneous, scattered thin elastic fibers in Group 1; scattered and weakly stained collagen and curled, amorphous, accumulate elastic fibers in Group 2; and intense staining of collagen in Groups 3 and 4. Accumulation of elastic fibers in the dermis was unremarkable in Groups 3 and 4. In Groups 3 and 4, O. hypericifolium oil treatment thickened the epidermis. Epidermal thickness was greatest in Group 4. We suggest that O. hypericifolium oil may block UVB induced alterations of collagen and elastic fibers, and increase epidermal thickness.

An objective method to determinme corneal changes during menopause.

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that menopause has a measurable effect on corneal thickness. The aim of this study was to evaluate central corneal thickness (CCT) differences between women in the premenopausal and postmenopausal period. METHODS: A prospective, case-control, single-blind study was designed. Two groups were included: Group I (premenopausal period) and Group II (postmenopausal period). Forty women were recruited in each group. The correlation between CCT with age, estradiol (E2) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were evaluated. RESULTS: CCT was significantly decreased in postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women (521.18 +/- 37.97 microm 561 +/- 42.84 microm, respectively, p < 0.005). Similarly, there was a linear correlation between CCT and serum E2 levels of patients overall (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The data presented in this study suggest that menopause causes corneal changes, which may be documented by central corneal thickness measurement.

Invasive squamous carcinoma of the vulva in women aged less than 40 years: report of two cases and a third case diagnosed during pregnancy.

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION: Invasive squamous cell cancer of the vulva (ISCC) is a rare disease in young patients and in pregnant women. The purpose of this paper was to investigate this type of cancer in women less than 40 years old and to present three cases, one which was diagnosed in the third trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: Three cases of invasive squamous cell cancer in women under age 40 among the retrospectively analyzed 52 vulvar cancer cases diagnosed between 1995-2002 were investigated. RESULTS: Women aged 25, 39 and 31, respectively, had Stage 1, 2 and 3 ISCC of the vulva. The first two cases had been spared by surgery and radiotherapy. The third patient was diagnosed during the last trimester of pregnancy. Although she was treated by radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, she had a recurrence in the inguinal region at 36 months, and died of disease 12 months later. CONCLUSION: Vulvar ISCC in young women may occur in association with or without predisposing factors. Although HPV-related type is predominant in the literature, keratinizing type of carcinoma may also be seen in this group of patients. Biopsy from suspected lesions is of paramount importance.

Malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary: a review of 41 cases and risk factors for recurrence.

OBJECTIVE: To review the outcome of treatment in patients with malignant ovarian germ cell tumors and to define the risk factors for recurrence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-one patients with malignant ovarian germ cell tumors were reviewed retrospectively. Survival time and survival rate were obtained. Risk factors such as stage, histological type, and type of operation were evaluated for reccurrence. RESULTS: Twenty-three (56%) had dysgerminomas, eight (19.5%) had mixed germ cell tumors, three (7.3%) had yolk sac tumors, three (7.3%) had immature teratomas, two (4.8%) had squamous cell carcinoma arising from a mature teratoma, one (2.4%) had embryonal carcinoma and one choriocarcinoma. Most of the cases (73%) were in Stage I. Twenty-nine patients (70.7%) underwent conservative surgery and 12 patients (29.3%) had at least bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Thirty patients were operated on optimally with surgical staging and 11 suboptimally. Seven patients (17%) had recurrence after remission. The overall survival time was 187 +/- 8.43 months for all cases, 195 +/- 8.49 for dysgerminoma and 161 +/- 10.96 for non-dysgerminoma cases with a median follow-up time of 98.52 (8-204) months. Non-dysgerminoma histologic type, being operated on suboptimally and radically, and advanced tumor stage have been found to be risk factors for recurrence. CONCLUSION: Regardless of histologic types and stages the prognosis of germ cell tumors are satisfactory with current therapeutic strategies.

Analysis of vaginal recurrences in stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of vaginal recurrence in Stage 1 endometrial cancer and treatment morbidity associated with different therapeutic approaches MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1995 and 2005, 341 patients with clinical Stage I endometrial cancer were treated at Istanbul Medical Faculty. One hundred and forty-four women were included in this study as the follow-ups and records were complete. The patients with no myometrial invasion received no further therapy following hysterectomy. When there was superficial myometrial invasion postoperative vaginal vault radiation was used, and if deep myometrial invasion was present, external pelvic radiation was given. RESULTS: Overall 5-year survival rate for all patients with Stage I disease was 80%. Nine patients (6.25%) developed recurrent disease, three of whom had vaginal recurrences. All three vaginal recurrences were small and diagnosed at routine follow-up exam within 51 months of primary therapy. CONCLUSION: This selective treatment protocol for patients with Stage I endometrial cancer avoided radiation entirely in 38% of the patients while achieving a very low rate of vaginal recurrence and good overall survival.

A survey of Nosema apis of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) producing the famous Anzer honey in Turkey.

The aim of this study is to find out the ratio of Nosema infected honey bees which are producing the famous Anzer honey that is used for the cure of the illnesses such as farangitis, tonsilitis, ulceration, and scratchs due to the experiences of the people living in Turkey. Honey bee samples were collected from two different regions of Anzer plain in July. Honey bee abdomens were homogenized and 1 ml distilled water was added for each honey bee. Later, 0.1 ml out of this solution was examined by Neubauer slides and the number of Nosema apis spores were counted. The results showed that Nosema apis significantly infected the honey bees although it was summer season. However, the summer season at the Anzer plain, when compared with the Mediterranean climate, is considered to be spring.

Developmental temperature effects on five geographic isolates of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae).

The development of five geographic isolates of Steinernema feltiae at 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 28 degrees C in wax moth, Galleria mellonella, larvae was examined. The isolates were from Mediterranean (Sinop from Turkey, SN from France, and Monterey from California), subtropical (Rafaela from Argentina), and tropical (MG-14 from Hawaii) regions. All isolates caused 100% mortality of wax moth larvae and developed and produced progeny between 8 and 25 degrees C. At 28 degrees C, mortality was 100%, but no progeny was observed. The highest infective juvenile production was observed at 15 degrees C for all isolates. In general, the tropical isolate, MG-14, had the lowest production of infective juveniles. The time of emergence of the infective juveniles from the host cadaver showed some differences among isolates, with the Sinop isolate having the earliest emergence time from cadavers at 15 degrees C (10 days) and 20 degrees C (8 days). At 25 degrees C, the infective juveniles of the Sinop, SN, and Rafaela isolates emerged from the cadavers from 5 to 7 days. Time of host death by all isolates showed no differences at 8, 10, 15, 20, and 28 degrees C. At 25 degrees C for all isolates (except the MG-14), shorter times to host death were observed. Host death occurred at 12 days at 8 degrees C, 9 to 11 days at 10 degrees C, 4 to 5 days at 15 degrees C, 3 days at 20 degrees C, and 2 days at 25 and 28 degrees C. For penetration efficiency, the Sinop, SN, and Rafaela isolates penetrated their hosts at 5, 8, and 10 degrees C. Penetration of the infective juveniles was consistently high for all isolates at 15, 20, 25, and 28 degrees C, but it was significantly lower for the MG-14 isolate at 15, 25, and 28 degrees C. No progeny production occurred at 28 degrees C, but nematode penetration did occur with the MG-14 isolate having significantly lower penetration than the other isolates. When nematodes were produced at 8, 15, and 23 degrees C in wax moth larvae, all isolates had infective juveniles with longer body lengths at 8 degrees C followed by 15 and 23 degrees C. To further verify body length at the different temperatures, beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, larvae and dog-food agar medium were used, respectively, for in vivo and in vitro culture of the Sinop isolate. Infective juvenile body length showed the same trends, with the longest being at 8 degrees C and decreasing in length from 15 to 23 degrees C. The data suggest that quality of food for the nematode and temperature (that is, developmental time) influence the body length of the infective juvenile.

Antibacterial activity and chemical composition of Turkish propolis.

The antibacterial activities of propolis samples have been examined in vitro, according to the principles accepted for the determination of a similar activity of antibiotics with the use of solid and liquid media. It has been found that propolis extracts showed antibacterial activity through a range of commonly encountered gram positive cocci (S. aureus, beta hem. Streptococus), but had weak activity against gram negative bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa). GC/MS analysis showed that propolis samples contain a variety of chemical compounds including aromatic compounds, fatty acid esters and sesquiterpenes.

A trial of reducing adhesion formation in a uterine horn model.

For the prevention of postoperative adhesion formation, one of the most common causes of infertility, none of the adjuvants had been proven uniformly effective. In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) in postoperative adhesion prevention in a rat uterine horn model. Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. After uterine horn abrasion, in 10 rats 10 ml 0.9% saline, in 10 rats 10 ml of 2% SCMC, and in 10 rats 10 ml DSCG were administered intraperitoneally. Two weeks later, all animals were sacrificed and adhesion formation was assessed. All the pieces of the peritoneum biopsies were stained with Luna's mast cell stain to assess the mast cell degranulation. The mean adhesion scores were 2.1, 2.0 and 1.5 for saline, SCMC and DSCG groups respectively. There were no significant differences among all groups. In the pathologic examination, mast cell degranulation was less in the DSCG group than the other groups.

Arachidonic acid metabolites and colchicine in Behçet's disease (BD).

Vasculitis is accepted to be the basis of Behçet's disease (BD) which is a multisystem disease, and the arachidonic acid(AA) metabolites acting as balancing mediators in the organism are accepted to be responsible for the vasculitis. In this study, we examined the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) levels of the patients with BD before and after colchicine therapy. We found a statistical decrease in the PGE2 and LTC4 levels after colchicine therapy compared to the previous levels, concluding that colchicine inhibits the inflammation and the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PML) chemotaxis by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways.

[Staphylococcus aureus infection in Apis mellifera L. (honeybees)]. / Apis mellifera L, (balarisi)'da Staphylococus aureus enfeksiyonu.

The causative agent of American foulbrood is Bacillus larvae, the causes of the European foulbrood diseases are Streptococcus pluton and Bacillus alvei and the causes of the septicemia are Pseudomonas apiseptica and Escherichia coli in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Apart from the above causative agents in this study, Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated and identified from honeybees (Apis mellifera).