Sjogren's Antibodies and Neonatal Lupus: A Scoping Review.

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of exocrine glands. The disorder predominantly affects middle-aged women. Autoantibodies, including anti-SS-A/Ro and anti-SS-B/La antibodies, are present in most cases of SS. These antibodies can cross the placenta and likely play a role in pregnancy complications as well as the development of neonatal lupus, resulting in congenital heart block (CHB). It is essential to monitor the fetus for CHB during pregnancy. In particular, screening with echocardiography and monitoring heart rate at home are recommended practices. Regarding medical management, hydroxychloroquine and glucocorticoids have shown promise in reducing cardiac manifestations, but further research is needed to elucidate their longer term efficacy and safety. This scoping review analyzes literature from 2001 to 2024, focusing on pregnancy outcomes among women with SS, clinical manifestations of neonatal lupus, the role of anti-SS-A/Ro and anti-SS-B/La antibodies in the development of neonatal lupus and CHB, and emphasizes the need for future research efforts to refine treatment protocols and enhance clinical care strategies for pregnant women with SS.

Hand Sanitizer: Stopping the Spread of Infection at a Cost.

The recent rise in hand sanitizer use due to the COVID-19 pandemic has had a beneficial impact on stopping the spread of disease, but the potential negative implications of its overuse on the body and the microbiome have yet to be thoroughly reviewed. Epidermal layers absorb hand sanitizer from direct application to the skin, making them some of the most susceptible cells to the adverse effects of overuse. The increased usage of hand sanitizer can affect the variation, quantity, and diversity of the skin microflora, leading to conditions such as eczema, atopic dermatitis, and even systemic toxicity due to colonization of the skin with pathogenic bacteria. Due to the close-knit relationship between the skin and gut, the gastrointestinal system can also incur disruptions due to the negative effects on the skin as a result of excessive hand sanitizer use, leading to gut dysbiosis. Additionally, the accidental ingestion of hand sanitizer, and its abuse or misuse, can be toxic and lead to alcohol poisoning, which is an issue most commonly seen not only in the pediatric population but also in adolescents and adults due to aberrant recreational exposure. As a vulnerable body system, the eyes can also be negatively impacted by hand sanitizer misuse leading to chemical injury, visual impairment, and even blindness. In this review, we aim to highlight the variations in hand sanitizer formulation, the benefits, and how misuse or overuse may lead to adverse effects on the skin, gut, and eyes. In particular, we review the advantages and disadvantages of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHSs) and non-alcohol-based hand sanitizers (NABHSs) and how the components and chemicals used in each can contribute to organ dysbiosis and systemic damage.

Exploring the Impact of Batch Size on Deep Learning Artificial Intelligence Models for Malaria Detection.

Introduction Malaria is a major public health concern, especially in developing countries. Malaria often presents with recurrent fever, malaise, and other nonspecific symptoms mistaken for influenza. Light microscopy of peripheral blood smears is considered the gold standard diagnostic test for malaria. Delays in malaria diagnosis can increase morbidity and mortality. Microscopy can be time-consuming and limited by skilled labor, infrastructure, and interobserver variability. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools for diagnostic screening can automate blood smear analysis without relying on a trained technician. Convolutional neural networks (CNN), deep learning neural networks that can identify visual patterns, are being explored for use in abnormality detection in medical images. A parameter that can be optimized in CNN models is the batch size or the number of images used during model training at once in one forward and backward pass. The choice of batch size in developing CNN-based malaria screening tools can affect model accuracy, training speed, and, ultimately, clinical usability. This study explores the impact of batch size on CNN model accuracy for malaria detection from thin blood smear images. Methods We used the publicly available "NIH-NLM-ThinBloodSmearsPf" dataset from the United States National Library of Medicine, consisting of blood smear images for Plasmodium falciparum. The collection consists of 13,779 "parasitized" and 13,779 "uninfected" single-cell images. We created four datasets containing all images, each with unique randomized subsets of images for model testing. Using Python, four identical 10-layer CNN models were developed and trained with varying batch sizes for 10 epochs against all datasets, resulting in 16 sets of outputs. Model prediction accuracy, training time, and F1-score, an accuracy metric used to quantify model performance, were collected. Results All models produced F1-scores of 94%-96%, with 10 of 16 instances producing F1-scores of 95%. After averaging all four dataset outputs by batch size, we observed that, as batch size increased from 16 to 128, the average combined false positives plus false negatives increased by 15.4% (130-150), and the average model F1-score accuracy decreased by 1% (95.3%-94.3%). The average training time also decreased by 28.11% (1,556-1,119 seconds). Conclusion In each dataset, we observe an approximately 1% decrease in F1-score as the batch size was increased. Clinically, a 1% deviation at the population level can create a relatively significant impact on outcomes. Results from this study suggest that smaller batch sizes could improve accuracy in models with similar layer complexity and datasets, potentially resulting in better clinical outcomes. Reduced memory requirement for training also means that model training can be achieved with more economical hardware. Our findings suggest that smaller batch sizes could be evaluated for improvements in accuracy to help develop an AI model that could screen thin blood smears for malaria.

A Comprehensive Review of Lyme Disease: A Focus on Cardiovascular Manifestations.

Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness known for its ability to cause multi-systemic manifestations. It can affect several different systems, including neurological, musculoskeletal, and dermatological systems. However, one of the most concerning biological systems affected is the cardiac system. Lyme carditis typically presents with varying degrees of atrioventricular (AV) block. Additionally, current literature also endorses atypical manifestations, including but not limited to atrial fibrillation and bundle branch blocks. These atypical manifestations are important as they can be the first presenting symptoms in patients with Lyme disease. Therefore, educating clinicians on various signs, symptoms, and manifestations of Lyme carditis remains paramount in reducing morbidity and mortality. We conducted a literature review using PubMed, MEDLINE, and CINAHL, collecting a total of 13 articles to gather information on atypical manifestations of Lyme carditis. This literature review serves to summarize the current research and studies describing these cardiac manifestations and the cardiac pathophysiology associated with Lyme disease. These findings aim to contribute to the expanding understanding of Lyme carditis, subsequently preventing long-term effects through prompt diagnosis and treatment.

A Scoping Review of the Positive and Negative Bacteria Associated With the Gut Microbiomes of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects multiple systems of the body. Recent research on the gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with SLE patients has gained traction and warranted further exploration. It has not been determined whether the change in the gut microbiota is a cause of SLE or a symptom of SLE. However, based on the physiological and pathophysiological role of the bacteria in the gut microbiome, as levels of the bacteria rise or fall, symptomatology in SLE patients could be affected. This review analyzes the recent studies that examined the changes in the gut microbiota of SLE patients and highlights the correlations between gut dysbiosis and the clinical manifestations of SLE. A systematic search strategy was developed by combining the terms "SLE," "systemic lupus erythematosus," and "gut microbiome." Biomedical Reference Collection, CINAHL, Medline ProQuest, and PubMed Central databases were searched by combining the appropriate keywords with "AND." Only full-text, English-language articles were searched. The articles were restricted from 2013 to 2023. Only peer-reviewed controlled studies with both human and animal trials were included in this scoping review. Review articles, non-English articles, editorials, case studies, and duplicate articles from the four databases were excluded. Various species of bacteria were found to be positively or negatively associated with SLE gut microbiomes. Among the bacterial species increased were Clostridium, Lactobacilli, Streptococcus, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella. The bacterial species that decreased were Bifidobacteria, Prevotella, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Literature shows that Clostridium is one of several bacteria found in abundance, from pre-disease to the diseased state of SLE. Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae are both part of the family of butyrate-producing anaerobes that are known for their role in strengthening the skin barrier function and, therefore, may explain the cutaneous manifestations of SLE patients. Studies have also shown that the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is significantly depressed, which may lead to appetite changes and weight loss seen in SLE patients. Based on the established role of these bacteria within the gut microbiome, the disruption in the gut ecosystem could explain the symptomatology common in SLE patients. By addressing these changes, our scoping review encourages further research to establish a true causal relationship between the bacterial changes in SLE patients as well as furthering the scope of microbiota changes in other systems and autoimmune diseases.

The Development of Diabetes and Diabetic Ketoacidosis Following Immunotherapy Treatment: A Systematic Review of Case Reports.

As cancer continues to be the leading cause of death worldwide, additional therapeutic options other than traditional platinum-based chemotherapy have become available that target tumor cells in innovative ways. Immunotherapies (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI)) ramp up the immune system to target cancer cells, providing patients with more personalized and tumor cell-specific treatment options. This new age oncological treatment option has been found to provide a more meaningful and stronger alternative to traditional chemotherapy, resulting in longer periods of remission and milder side effects. However, because ICI heightens the immune system, resultant autoimmune conditions can occur. One of the most recently shown adverse effects of ICI are extreme hyperglycemia (i.e., type 1 diabetes) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). To determine the incidence of immunotherapy-induced diabetes, a systematic literature review was performed using CINHAL, EBSCO, MEDLINE, and Web of Science. A total of 403 articles were initially screened, with a final 28 case reports included. The results show that checkpoint inhibitors were found to be most commonly associated with new-onset diabetes as opposed to traditional chemotherapy. Additionally, 41% of patients developed autoimmune diabetes and DKA after being placed on a single therapy of pembrolizumab (targets PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1). However, the pathological process underlying the development of endocrinopathies after treatment with ICI continues to be under investigation.

Exploring the Relationship of SARS-CoV-2 and Uric Acid Levels With a Focus on Gout Patients: A Scoping Review.

Rheumatic diseases are a group of conditions including arthritis and various other conditions that can lead to chronic inflammation within the musculoskeletal system, which can have negative effects on soft tissues, bones, muscles, joints, and connective tissue. One form of arthritis is gout, which is an inflammatory condition in which urate acid crystals build up in joints. Gout is associated with joint swelling, pain, redness, and joint mobility issues. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent joint degradation and other adverse complications. The condition has been shown to increase the incidence of diseases outside the musculoskeletal system, including the renal and cardiovascular systems. Comorbid conditions associated with gout include but are not limited to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and heart failure. This systematic review aims to provide insight into the relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, uric acid levels, and gout.

Use of Multimodality Imaging in the Evaluation of Patients With Spondyloarthropathies and Sacroiliitis.

Spondyloarthropathy (SpA) is one of the most common causes of low back pain. It is caused by inflammatory arthritis in the spine, manifesting in various forms such as psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and sacroiliitis. A comprehensive systematic literature search was done to evaluate and compare MRI, CT, single-photon emission CT, PET, ultrasound (US) imaging, low-dose CT, and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) techniques in assessing SpAs. The search strategy was constructed by an analysis of key terms from relevant articles in MEDLINE ProQuest, Embase, and PubMed. The key terms used to search for these articles were "SpA," "sacroiliitis," "spondylitis," "psoriatic arthritis," "MRI," "CT scan," "x-ray," "magnetic resonance imaging," "computed tomography," "bone density," and "ultrasound." A total of 1,131 articles published in English between January 1, 2003, and October 15, 2023 were identified and screened for eligibility by members of the research team, which resulted in 69 total articles selected for the final review. US has played an important role in visualizing joint inflammation and enthesitis (inflammation of the enthesis), which are common features of PsA. Although MRI and CT are considered more reliable modalities for diagnosing active sacroiliitis, US imaging with Doppler flow can also be useful in conjunction with CT images to visualize abnormal blood flow in the sacroiliac joints, as well as other joints affected by inflammatory arthritis. MRI provides increased diagnostic confidence in the diagnosis of sacroiliitis in active AS patients when compared to CT. CT is more sensitive than plain radiographs. The PET activity score showed a good correlation in diagnosing inflammatory sacroiliitis but lacked in identifying structural lesions. CT has high diagnostic accuracy, but it exposes patients to a high radiation dose. MRI visualizes joint and tissue inflammation, bone, and bone marrow change and can identify peripheral inflammation in soft tissue and joints in patients diagnosed with PsA. MRI can also visualize bone marrow changes and subchondral edema, which can aid in the early diagnosis of ankylosing SpA and gauge disease severity. DWI and short-tau inversion recovery imaging are both MRI techniques used in detecting sacroiliitis. MRI and CT are shown to be reliable imaging modalities for the diagnosis of sacroiliitis; however, it was found that Doppler US played an accurate role in the diagnosis as well. MRI visualizes joints and tissue with the most precision, making it useful in evaluating patients with PsA, while PET CT is useful in the diagnosis of inflammatory sacroiliitis patients. There is limited literature available comparing the multiple modalities of imaging available for each SpA. The review's objective is to analyze imaging findings in patients diagnosed with sacroiliitis and SpAs. The findings in this literature review are valuable for properly assessing and diagnosing patients suffering from SpAs.

The role of aspirin, statins, colchicine, and IL-1 inhibitors in prevention of cardiovascular events: a systematic integrative review.

CONTEXT: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. As such, an unmet need exists in the primary and secondary prevention of adverse cardiovascular events (CVEs). Specifically, identifying drugs that can reduce the progression of CVD and serious adverse events is much needed. Drugs that work by reducing platelet aggregation, blocking cholesterol formation (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A [HMG-CoA] reductase inhibitors), and/or blocking inflammation pathways (mainly interleukin-1b [IL-1b]) have been linked to preventing adverse CVEs, including acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin), statins, colchicine, and IL-1 inhibitors (interleukin-1 receptor antagonists). This systematic review aims to provide insight into utilizing these four agents for the primary and/or secondary prevention of CVD. OBJECTIVES: In this systematic review, we opted to review the efficacy of aspirin, statins, colchicine, and IL-1 inhibitors in the primary and secondary prevention of CVE to provide clinical practitioners with evidence-based practice approaches and determine any unmet needs in their utilization. METHODS: Between October 1 and 12, 2021, a search was conducted and completed on five databases: PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, and Biomedical Reference Collection: Comprehensive. A total of 13 researchers (V.A., A.H., S.B., V.G., D.C., C.C., C.B., C.A., S.K., J.H., A.K., S.F., and S.E.) were involved in the search and screening of the articles. Search terms included "aspirin, statins, colchicine, IL-1 inhibitors, and primary, secondary, myocardial infarction (MI)." Inclusion criteria included clinical study design, English language articles, all genders older than 50 years old, and established patient history of CVD, including MI. In addition, articles were excluded if they were animal models, in vitro studies, pharmacokinetic studies, systematic reviews, literature reviews, and studies exploring therapies other than those listed in the inclusion criteria. First, five individuals independently sorted through abstracts or articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, a team of 13 individuals sorted through full-text articles of selected abstracts based on the same criteria. A separate researcher resolved conflicts between the team. RESULTS: A total of 725 articles were identified from all databases, from which 256 duplicated articles were removed. Thus, a total of 469 articles abstracts were screened, of which 425 articles either did not meet the inclusion criteria or met the exclusion criteria. A total of 42 articles were retrieved and assessed for full-text review, from which 15 articles were retrieved for analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Statins may prevent primary CVEs based on their role in preventing cholesterol formation. Aspirin, canakinumab, and colchicine may be helpful in the secondary prevention of CVEs due to their blocking of various steps in the inflammation pathway leading to CVD. Future research should primarily focus on the use of canakinumab and colchicine in preventing CVD due to the limited number of studies on these drugs.

Advanced Metrics and Early Predictors of Cardiogenic Shock.

Cardiogenic shock (CS) can be defined as a range of illnesses that describes a state where cardiac output, which is the blood volume ejected from the left ventricle every minute that leads to tissue perfusion of nutrients, is insufficient in providing adequate oxygenation to the systemic circulation. The incidence of CS on admission has increased in recent years, with the six- and 12-month mortality rates remaining unchanged. The purpose of this literature review is to bring forth several parameters that have been utilized in the past 10 years to predict CS mortality. Further studies to implement these parameters in management algorithms, along with early screenings and advanced treatment options such as mechanical cardiac assist devices, can improve the mortality associated with CS. This literature-based review was conducted by evaluating current research focusing on the clinical presentation of CS and predictors of CS. PubMed served as the primary database for article retrieval due to access. Two searches were conducted: One for clinical presentations and advanced metrics for CS and another for early predictors for CS. Thirteen articles regarding clinical presentation and seven articles regarding early predictors were selected. Three tools/scores and five laboratory tests were identified that allowed clinicians to prognosticate outcomes in patients suffering from CS based on clinical and laboratory presentations. Examining these predictors will allow earlier intervention in the development of CS and potentially help lower the mortality rate of CS. The eventual creation of a scoring system that incorporates multiple metrics discussed in this review can provide the most accurate prognosis of CS, which can lead to more targeted interventions.

The Impact of Modern Dietary Practices on Cancer Risk and Progression: A Systematic Review.

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality around the world, despite continued advancements in the management of cancer. Recent research efforts have shifted to evaluating the role that modifiable risk factors play in cancer risk and development, as diet and nutrition have been found to play a significant role in the onset and progression of cancer. As a result, there has been an increasing focus on the impact of dietary modifications on preventing the onset, progression, and reoccurrence of cancer. In this systematic review, data were collected on three common diets, the Mediterranean diet (MD), ketogenic diet (KD), and plant-based diet, to gain insight into the application of these three dietary modification approaches for risk prevention and limitation of cancer burden. Initially, 4,397 articles were identified from three databases (Ovid, Web of Science, and CINHAL). After removing studies based on the exclusion criteria, only 23 studies were eligible to be included in the systematic review of which 15 evaluated the MD, four assessed the ketogenic diet, and four evaluated the plant-based diet. Each article was considered for its methods, procedures, and findings. The findings indicate that dietary interventions may effectively reduce the odds of cancer development and the advancement of diagnosed cancers. With the introduction of the MD, KD, and plant-based diets, significant improvements in lowering cancer development, recurrence-free status, and limiting tumor growth were noted across numerous cancer types. Currently, the MD has been extensively studied in the literature, and amongst the widest variety of cancer types. Additional information and evaluation are required on the ketogenic and plant-based diets to fully understand their impact on the cancer burden across a wider subset of cancers. Clinicians should evaluate and recommend nutritional adaptations to their patients to limit the development of specific cancers and as an adjunctive therapy to traditional pharmacological treatment options for patients with diagnosed cancers.

Radiation-Induced Peripheral Artery Disease in a 63-Year-Old Patient.

Tobacco use, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia are known risk factors for peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, additional causes of PAD, such as radiation therapy, should be considered for the prevention and diagnosis of this disease. The patient described in this report had 36 radiation therapies directly to the pelvis and bladder area due to bladder cancer. The presence of severe PAD on this patient's right external iliac artery, the same area where he received radiation therapy, raises the question of whether radiation therapy contributed to the development of PAD. In addition, his history of anal intraepithelial neoplasia, obstructive uropathy, and chronic kidney disease further demonstrated that he possibly suffered extensive tissue damage due to radiation to the pelvis. This case report explores the current diagnosis guidelines and treatment options for patients with radiation-induced PAD. Through this case study, we aim to bring awareness to this lesser-known cause of PAD among medical providers and promote research for the prevention and treatment of this disease.

Computed Tomography (CT) Calcium Scoring in Primary Prevention of Acute Coronary Syndrome and Future Cardiac Events in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex and chronic autoimmune disease that impacts multiple organ systems and presents with varying symptomatology that makes targeting treatment extremely difficult. The cardiovascular system and more specifically the coronary arteries are heavily affected by SLE causing increased atherosclerosis and subsequently increased acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and increased future cardiac events. ACS is a common occurrence in patients with SLE due to the premature development of atherosclerosis due to the dysregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Calcium scoring has been effectively utilized to identify plaque burden in patients with coronary artery calcification (CAC). Calcium scoring is a score obtained from a computed tomography (CT) image using non-contrast imaging, which provides quantitative information regarding CAC and aids in assessing cardiovascular risk. A calcium score of zero Hounsfeild units can be obtained using CT calcium scoring which indicates no calcium is identified in the coronary arteries and is a strong negative risk predictor for coronary artery disease. Early screening of SLE patients with CT calcium scoring could aid in early detection and treatment subsequently leading to delay of premature coronary atherosclerosis and future cardiac events in this patient population. Multiple studies have used calcium scoring as a method to measure arterial calcification in SLE patients. The Society of Cardiovascular Imaging has now endorsed the idea of obtaining a baseline calcium artery score with a repeat progression scan in 3-5 years. Calcium scoring has also been identified as an effective initial tool for stratification and identification of possible ACS. The various advantages of early calcium scoring signify the further research needed to fully understand and implement the advantages calcium scoring has to offer patients with SLE.

Adult Onset Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Not Detected by Echocardiogram: A Case Presentation.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic myocardial disease of the sarcomere protein. The age of diagnosis of HCM tends to be between the second to third decades of life. However, the recent occurrence of HCM in the fifth and sixth decades of life has been seen in an increasing number of cases. In all cases, a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) is considered the gold standard of imaging. Here, we present a case of a 54-year-old Caucasian male who presented to the emergency department (ED) with dyspnea while on vacation. An electrocardiogram (ECG) taken at the time did not suggest any abnormalities. After returning home, a stress test conducted indicated left anterior descending (LAD) artery stenosis. Following treatment, symptoms improved temporarily but eventually came back. Repeat ECGs and TTEs done over the next two years indicated grade II diastolic dysfunction and mild left ventricular hypertrophy, which led to changes in the medication regime. Nevertheless, his condition progressively deteriorated over time. Repeat appearances to the ED led to the utilization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess cardiac morphology function and velocity flow. The results were consistent with HCM. This case presents a unique obstacle for the diagnosis of adult-onset HCM. The change made to his medication regimen seemingly aggravated the patients' condition. This case highlights the need for further imaging, beyond the gold standard, in adult males with repeated complaints of dyspnea on exertion (DOE).

Paradoxical Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) Inhibitor-Induced Psoriasis: A Systematic Review of Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors have been shown to be well tolerated among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. Meanwhile, more recently, clinical practice and research efforts have uncovered increasing cases of psoriatic lesion development tied to initiating treatment with a TNF-α inhibitor. The underlying mechanisms associated with this occurrence have yet to be fully elucidated. A review and analysis of cases of paradoxical psoriasis currently published in the literature is warranted. In addition, exploring possible mechanisms of action and potential treatment options associated with favorable outcomes is much needed. A systematic literature review was performed utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar databases (1992-present), in which 106 cases of paradoxical psoriasis were reviewed. The most common morphology developed was plaque psoriasis vulgaris. There was a female predominance (61.3%), and the most common underlying autoimmune disease was rheumatoid arthritis (45.3%). In addition, the most commonly associated drug with the onset of psoriatic lesions was infliximab (62.3%). Furthermore, the findings suggest that the most well-supported mechanism of action involves the uncontrolled release of interferon-alpha (IFN-α) from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) after TNF-α inhibition. While TNF-α inhibitors have been shown to have great benefits to patients with rheumatologic diseases, cases of paradoxical psoriasis demonstrate the importance of close monitoring of patients on TNF-α inhibitors to allow for early recognition, treatment, and potentially change to a different mechanism of action of the medication used to prevent further progression of the inflammatory lesions.

Correction: Surgical Versus Non-Surgical Treatments for the Knee: Which Is More Effective?

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34860.].

The Role of Clock Genes in Maintaining Circadian Rhythm and Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathophysiology.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune condition that affects up to 1% of the world population and symmetrically affects the joints leading to joint stiffness and decreased mobility. RA patients present with increased pain and chronic inflammation within their joint spaces, which researchers have linked to poorer sleep patterns, including difficulty falling asleep and non-restorative sleep. As such, identifying mediators of poor sleep quality among RA patients may improve their long-term quality of life. More recently, researchers identified an association between chronic inflammation in RA patients and their circadian rhythm. Altered circadian rhythms negatively impact the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and lead to altered cortisol release. Cortisol has shown to have a strong anti-inflammatory effect; when dysregulated, it may lead to increased pain experienced in RA patients. This literature review aims to provide insight into how chronic inflammation tied to RA pathophysiology may affect clock genes that are involved in maintaining the circadian rhythm. Specifically, this review focused on four common clock genes found dysregulated in RA patients: circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK), brain and muscle ARNT like-1 (BMAL1), period (PER), and cryptochrome (CRY). Of the four clock genes discussed in this review, BMAL1 and PER are the most well-studied of the affected genes. Further knowledge surrounding clock genes and their dysregulated expression in RA may help guide therapy decisions for RA patients. Traditionally, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have been used as first-line therapy for RA patients. Meanwhile, chronotherapy, optimizing drug release in a timed manner, has shown positive results in RA patients as well. Because of the association of altered circadian rhythms with increased symptom severity in RA patients, it seems highly plausible that DMARD therapy with chronotherapy may be an ideal therapeutic regimen for RA.

The Overlap of Diabetes and Osteoarthritis in American Populations.

Diabetes mellitus, a condition in which the body's ability to produce insulin is impaired, and osteoarthritis (OA), a painful degeneration of joint cartilage, are both serious conditions that affect millions of people in the United States (U.S.). Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative condition of the joint cartilage, affecting mainly the older population. The purpose of this paper is to find a connection, if any, between diabetes and osteoarthritis and if either condition can predispose an individual to the other. Not only can this review help to explain the co-existence of these two diseases, but it can also be used to look into a cure for patients in the future. After preliminary searches were done on PubMed, results were narrowed using specific keywords and similar risk factors among the two diseases. It was found that these two conditions are actually interrelated due to oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Seeing the high risk of developing one of these conditions and that obesity, one of the biggest risk factors for both diabetes and osteoarthritis, is at an all-time high in this country, a possible connection between the two of these diseases is very prevalent to look into. This information can be used to help correlate not only a better-targeted treatment but also lead to future research into why obesity is one of the biggest risk factors for both conditions.

The Development of Bilateral Mastoiditis Following Acute Otitis Media in a Pediatric Patient with Limited Access to Health Care.

Infection of the mastoid cells, known as mastoiditis, can develop due to untreated otitis media, in which bacteria colonize the mastoid air cells that line the inner and middle ear. Antibiotic therapy for otitis media has made the development of mastoiditis a very rare occurrence. However, despite its low prevalence, it is important to keep this complication in mind when treating otitis media in the pediatric population due to the increased susceptibility of mastoiditis in this demographic. Furthermore, pediatric patients of lower socioeconomic status who have limited access to health care may be at an even greater risk for the development of mastoiditis. We report a case of a pediatric patient with significant barriers to health care who developed bilateral mastoiditis as a complication of otitis media, requiring hospitalization and intravenous antibiotic therapy. The patient also experienced hearing loss as a sequela of the infection. Improved access to medical care, parent or guardian education on how to recognize primary otitis media infections, and the use of adequate antibiotic therapy when indicated can effectively prevent the development of mastoiditis following otitis media infections among patients.

Oral Microbiome as a Tool of Systemic Disease on Cleft Patients: A New Landscape.

The oral cavity microbiome comprises benign and pathogenic bacteria, with more than 700 species identified. However, the current literature regarding resident bacterial flora in the oropharyngeal cavities in cleft lip/palate (CLP) patients still needs to be completed. This review aims to evaluate the role of the oral microbiome of cleft patients as an indicator in systemic diseases for which cleft patients might be at higher risk in the short or long term. A literature review was performed in July 2020 using Biomedical Reference Collection Comprehensive, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Complete, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source via Elton B. Stephens Company/Online Database (EBSCO), Turning Research into Practice (TRIP), and PubMed. The keywords used were "oral, bacteria, microbiome, biota, flora, cleft, palate." The resulting 466 articles were deduplicated using Endnote. The total amount of articles' abstracts without duplicates was filtered using a set criterion. The title and abstract filter criteria included 1) cleft lip (CL) and/or cleft palate (CP) patients, 2) changes in the oral microbiome in CL and/or CP patients, 3) male and female patients 0-21 years old, and 4) English language. The full-text filter criteria included 1) CL and/or CP patients vs. non-cleft control patients, 2) oral bacteria, 3) nonprocedural measurements of microorganisms, and 4) case-control studies. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow chart was created using the EndNote data results. The final five articles of the systematic search indicated that the oral cavity of cleft lip and/or palate patients resulted in 1) contradicting levels of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus salivarius; 2) lower levels of Streptococcus gordonii, Bordetella dentium, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veillonella parvula, Bacillus and Lautropia when compared to the control group; 3) higher levels of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus compared to the control group; 4) presence of Enterobacter cloacae 36.6%, Klebsiella pneumoni 53.3%, and Klebsiella oxytoca 76.6% vs. absence in the control non-cleft group. Patients with CL and/or CP are at higher risk for caries, periodontal diseases, and upper and lower respiratory infections. The results from this review indicate that relative levels of certain bacteria may be associated with these issues. The lower levels of S. mitis, S. salivarius, S. gordini, and F. nucleatum in the oral cavity of cleft patients could be linked as a possible cause of the higher incidence of tooth decay, gingivitis and periodontal disease as high levels of these bacteria are associated with oral disease. Further, the higher incidence of sinusitis in cleft patients might be linked to low levels of S. salivarius in the oral profile of these patients. Likewise, E. cloacae, K. oxycota, and K. pneumoni have been linked with pneumonia and bronchiolitis, both of which are increased in cleft patients. The oral bacterial dysbiosis of cleft patients observed in this review may play a vital function in the oral microbiome's diversity, which could play a role in disease progression and disease markers. The pattern seen in cleft patients potentially demonstrates how structural abnormalities can lead to the onset of severe infection.