Impact of a patient care pathway protocol on surgical site infection rates in cardiothoracic surgery patients.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that implementing a quality care initiative, including peri-incisional antibiotic administration, tight blood glucose control, and hair removal with clippers would reduce surgical site infection (SSI) rates in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), with or without valve replacement. METHODS: Patients undergoing CABG were studied retrospectively, before (n = 808) and after (n = 674) instituting a patient care protocol. The pathway included peri-incisional antibiotics, tight glucose control (80 mg/dL-110 mg/dL) throughout intensive care unit (ICU) stays, and hair removal with clippers. RESULTS: SSIs were significantly decreased in the experimental group (1.5%), compared with the control group (3.5%), (P = .001, odds ratio [OR] = .21). Significant independent predictors of infection included diabetes mellitus (P = .001, OR = 4.71), Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (NNIS) wound class II (P = .044, OR = 2.07), and female gender (P = .001, OR = 2.83). CONCLUSIONS: Protocols implementing timely perioperative antibiotics, tight blood glucose control, and avoidance of shaving decrease SSI rates in CABG patients.

Implementing evidence-based practice findings to decrease postoperative sternal wound infections following open heart surgery.

Sternal wound infections following open heart surgery are an infrequent occurrence but can have significant impact on patient morbidity, length of stay, and cost of care. The objective of this project initiative was to decrease the incidence of sternal wound infections by examining and changing current practice in the preoperative and postoperative management of patients undergoing open heart surgery. Following a literature review of interdisciplinary best practices, process teams were formed to evaluate our own patient cohort with documented infection. Five key areas were addressed: (1) preoperative skin preparation, (2) antibiotic prophylaxis, (3) blood glucose control, (4) wound care management, and (5) hand hygiene. A retrospective chart review of patients with documented sternal wound infections status post-mediastinal open heart surgery revealed that the average postoperative glucose was 201 mg/dL. An inquiry of practice variations determined the absence of a common provider and causative organism. A change model guided project initiatives and sustainability of new behaviors and practice. Each element of the project initiative had defined outcome measures. Staff nurses participated in peer education and outcome data collection. Following the implementation of evidence based practice changes, a linear decrease in sternal wound infections was documented. Nurses play a critical role in identifying, orchestrating, and evaluating change efforts in clinical practice. Outcomes are enhanced when nurses collaborate with all stakeholders in the practice improvement initiative.