[The impact of dental caries prevention program on the anthropometric measurements of preschool children]. / Vliyanie programmy profilaktiki kariesa zubov, provodimoi v doshkol'nykh uchrezhdeniyakh, na rostovesovye pokazateli detei.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to compare body mass indices (BMI) of children receiving and not receiving dental caries prevention program in preschool institutions at the age of 3-6 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised163 children (76 boys and 87 girls) initially examined at the age of 3 years in nurseries of the Khimki city region. In one of the nurseries 54 children received dental caries prevention and educational program for 3 years. Other 109 children not receiving any special programs served as controls. Data on caries prevalence and intensity as well as weight and height were collected at baseline examination and 3 years after. BMI was calculated by standard formula and WHO criteria for weight deficiency, normal weight, overweight and obesity for children aged 2-5 and 6-17 years were applied. RESULTS: Caries prevalence in 3-years-old was 34.1% with dmft median of 1.4 teeth. After 3 years the prevalence of dental caries reached 72.5% in controls and was almost twice as low in the main group (39.3%). Caries intensity growth was also significantly higher in controls (p<0.0001). There was statistically significant difference on the rate of underweight and normal weight in children receiving and not receiving dental caries preventive program (p<0.05). The rate of normal and low BMI in the main group was 82.6% (vs. 66% in controls) and 7.7% (vs. 22%), correspondingly. The higher the caries intensity the more is the risk for being underweight (11.5% in caries-free children vs 25.7% in having DMFT+dft more than 4, p=0.034). CONCLUSION: Our study showed positive impact of dental caries prevention program on the anthropometric measurements of children aged 3-6 years which increases the significance of this type of programs in pre-school institutions.

[Dental caries prevention program in children and adolescents living in residential institutions]. / Model' profilaktiki kariesa zubov sredi detei i podrostkov, prozhivayushchikh v organizovannom detskom kollektive.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to assess the effectiveness of a new dental caries prevention program in children of various ages living in residential institutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The program of oral health promotion and caries prevention was introduced in the autonomous non-profit organization «Social rehabilitation center Solba¼. The study comprised 98 children aged 12-17 years divided into two groups: the main group of 52 children aged 12-16 years enrolled in the program in 2013 in pre-school (32 children) and primary school age (20 children) and the control group of 46 adolescents aged 12-17 years not included in the program. DMFT and OHI-S index were compared in both groups as well as in children enrolled in the program at various ages. RESULTS: The overall caries prevalence was 84.7%. Statistically significant differences were documented between children enrolled in the program in pre-school and primary school ages regarding both caries prevalence (78% and 89%, respectively) and intensity (3.5 and 5.4 tooth, respectively (p=0.01)). Non-satisfactory, poor and very poor OHI-S was observed in 15.4% of children in the main group and 54.3% of controls. Good oral hygiene was seen in 67.3 and 37%, satisfactory - in 17.3 and 8.7% of children, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Programs of dental caries prevention with oral health promotion component are effective for oral hygiene improvement in children living in residential institutions. The key for long-term effectiveness and dental caries prevalence and intensity reduction is the start of the program in pre-school age and education of caregivers and teachers to provide control of dental care in pre-school and primary school children.

[Child's weight as a risk factor for early childhood caries]. / Ves rebenka kak faktor riska kariesa rannego detskogo vozrasta.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to reveal possible correlation between child's birth weight, BMI at examination, dental caries prevalence and intensity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised 220 healthy children aged 3-6 born mature and attending nursery schools in Khimky city (Moscow region, Russia). Data on birth weight were extracted from a healthcare reports database, current height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated and interpreted according to WHO criteria. Calibrated pediatric dentists performed oral examination registering the dmft index. RESULTS: Children suffering from dental caries at the age of 3-6, have lower birth weight and struggle to put it on later in life. This results in higher proportion of children with underweight. Among children with caries 69.2% had BMI lower than 15th percentile, and 28.3% had very low IMT (lower than 5th percentile) vs 5.6% in the group without caries (p<0.05). The mechanisms and the direction of this correlation are unclear. CONCLUSION: There is a necessity for further investigations on the role of various factors associated with body weight and alimentary status in the development of the early childhood caries.

[Prevalence, intensity, and efficacy of dental caries treatment in pre-school children living in the town of Khimki]. / Rasprostranennost', intensivnost' i effektivnost' lecheniya kariesa zubov u detei doshkol'nogo vozrasta, prozhivayushchikh v gorodskom okruge Khimki.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to assess the prevalence, intensity, and treatment efficacy of dental caries in children aged 3 to 6 years residents of the town of Khimki, Moscow region. The number of decayed, filled, and missed due to caries teeth was registered. The parents were interviewed in order to reveal dental caries treatment experience as well as reasons for negative experience, age of the first dental office visit and the reasons for it. RESULTS: The incidence of dental caries in 3-6 years old living in Khimki is 52%. The prevalence and incidence unsurprisingly grow with age as well as the number of children having the experience of toothache and early extractions. The vast majority of children including these with positive dental treatment experience have untreated carious lesions. The difference of decayed teeth between children having negative and positive treatment experience in statistically insignificant (p=0.57), and the number of filling is equally small in both subgroups (p=0.99). This means even cooperative children who underwent dental treatment have untreated (or previously treated but having no fillings - in 22.6% of treatment cases) cavities. CONCLUSION: The dental caries intensity growth outpaces the possibilities of the Khimky dental service resulting in the low number of caries-free previously treated children (17.9% of all treated). All this dictates the necessity for dental caries prevention programs and implementation of new models for dental care organization in preschool children.

[Perinatal risk factors of the early childhood caries]. / Perinatal'nye faktory riska kariesa vremennykh zubov.

THE AIM: Of the study was to find possible correlations between early childhood caries (ECC) prevalence and intensity and perinatal factors, such as pregnancy and birth adverse events, terms and mode of delivery, child's weight at birth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised 165 3-6 years old healthy children (80 boys and 85 girls) examined in Khimki nurseries. Perinatal background data were collected through validated questionnaires. RESULTS: ECC prevalence and dmft median were 41.2% and 1.2 teeth, correspondingly, in 3-years-olds and values growth up to 64.8% and 3.5 teeth was seen in 6-years-olds. Exact Fisher test showed significant positive correlation between adverse pregnancy events and caries risk, as ECC had 8.6 and 51.7% of children born from complicated and non-complicated pregnancies, correspondingly (p<0.05). In children born by cesarean section ECC was detected more often, than in born via vaginal delivery (62.8 vs 49.6%, correspondingly). The correlation became statistically significant by the age of 6 (p=0.02). In 6-years-olds we also noted significant correlation between mode of delivery and dmft numbers (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Adverse pregnancy events and cesarean section are ECC risk factor affecting the intensity of the disease.

Generating ultrarelativistic attosecond electron bunches with laser wakefield accelerators.

Femtosecond electron bunches with ultrarelativistic energies were recently generated by laser wakefield accelerators. Here we predict that laser wakefield acceleration can generate even attosecond bunches, due to a strong chirp of the betatron frequency. We show how the bunch duration scales with the acceleration parameters and that, after acceleration, the bunches can propagate over many tens of centimeters without a significant increase in duration.

Interaction of free charged particles with a chirped electromagnetic pulse.

We study the effect of chirp on electromagnetic (EM) pulse interaction with a charged particle. Both the one-dimensional (1D) and 3D cases are considered. It is found that, in contrast to the case of a nonchirped pulse, the charged particle energy can be changed after the interaction with a 1D EM chirped pulse. Different types of chirp and pulse envelopes are considered. In the case of small chirp, an analytical expression is found for arbitrary temporal profiles of the chirp and the pulse envelope. In the 3D case, the interaction with a chirped pulse results in a polarization-dependent scattering of charged particles.

Excitation of nonlinear two-dimensional wake waves in radially nonuniform plasma.

It is shown that an undesirable curvature of the wave front of a two-dimensional nonlinear wake wave, excited in uniform plasma by a relativistic charged bunch or laser pulse, may be compensated by radial change of the equilibrium plasma density.