RESUMO
We report the laboratory analysis of 125 clinical samples from suspected cases of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cattle and Asian buffalo collected in Pakistan between 2008 and 2012. Of these samples, 89 were found to contain viral RNA by rRT-PCR, of which 88 were also found to contain infectious FMD virus (FMDV) by virus isolation (VI), with strong correlation between these tests (κ = 0.96). Samples that were VI-positive were serotyped by antigen detection ELISA (Ag-ELISA) and VP1 sequence acquisition and analysis. Sequence data identified FMDV serotypes A (n = 13), O (n = 36) and Asia-1 (n = 41), including three samples from which both serotypes Asia-1 and O were detected. Serotype A viruses were classified within three different Iran-05 sublineages: HER-10, FAR-11 and ESF-10. All serotype Asia-1 were within Group VII (Sindh-08 lineage), in a genetic clade that differs from viruses isolated prior to 2010. All serotypes O were classified as PanAsia-2 within two different sublineages: ANT-10 and BAL-09. Using VP1 sequencing as the gold standard for serotype determination, the overall sensitivity of Ag-ELISA to correctly determine serotype was 74%, and serotype-specific sensitivity was 8% for serotype A, 88% for Asia-1 and 89% for O. Serotype-specific specificity was 100% for serotype A, 93% for Asia-1 and 94% for O. Interestingly, 12 of 13 serotype A viruses were not detected by Ag-ELISA. This study confirms earlier accounts of regional genetic diversity of FMDV in Pakistan and highlights the importance of continued validation of diagnostic tests for rapidly evolving pathogens such as FMDV.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/isolamento & purificação , Febre Aftosa/virologia , Variação Genética , Animais , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Búfalos , Bovinos , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/genética , Paquistão , RNA Viral/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , SorogrupoRESUMO
Concentration of radionuclides ²¹°Pb and 7Be, having half lives of 22.3 years and 53.29 days, respectively, in the surface air samples of Islamabad (33.38°N, 73.10°E and Altitude â¼536 m asl.) are measured. The non-destructive technique of gamma-spectrometry, with a high purity germanium HPGe detector, was employed for the analysis of all samples. The annual average concentrations of ²¹°Pb and 7Be in the surface air samples were determined as 0.284 ± 0.15 and 3.171 ± 1.14 mBq m⻳, respectively. Our results have shown a seasonal variation of the concentration of 7Be in air samples with high values for the spring season. High concentrations for ²¹°Pb are obtained when air masses originate from plain areas of Pothohar region, located in the South-West, West and North West of Islamabad. Our values of concentrations show a nice agreement with the relevant reported results.
Assuntos
Poluentes Radioativos do Ar/análise , Berílio/análise , Radioisótopos de Chumbo/análise , Monitoramento de Radiação , Radioisótopos/análise , Aerossóis/análise , Ar/análise , PaquistãoRESUMO
Different samples of water, indoor air and soil gas have been collected from Islamabad (33 degrees 38'N, 73 degrees 09'E, altitude of 1760 ft.), the capital of Pakistan and Murree (33 degrees 53'N, 73 degrees 23'E, altitude of 7323 ft.), lying on a geological fault line and are analysed for the estimation of mean effective dose through radon concentrations by using RAD-7, a solid state alpha-detector. The variation of radon concentration in water, indoor air and soil gas in Islamabad region ranges from 25.90-158.40 kBq m(-3), 43.26-97.04 Bq m(-3) and 17.34-72.52 kBq m(-3), having mean values 88.63 kBq m(-3), 70.67 Bq m(-3) and 45.08 kBq m(-3)(,) respectively. It ranges from 1.64-10.20 kBq m(-3), 18.48-42.08 Bq m(-3) and 0.61-3.89 kBq m(-3) with mean values 4.38 kBq m(-3), 28.63 Bq m(-3) and 1.70 kBq m(-3)(,) respectively in Murree and its surroundings. The total mean annual effective doses from water and indoor air of Islamabad and Murree regions are 2.023 and 0.733 mSv a(-1), respectively. These doses are within the recommended limits of the world organisations.
Assuntos
Poluentes Radioativos do Ar/análise , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Monitoramento de Radiação , Radônio/análise , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/análise , Água/análise , PaquistãoRESUMO
This paper relates to a series of systematic studies regarding measurement of radon concentration in the earthquake-affected areas of northern Pakistan. Radon is a radioactive alpha-particle-emitting gas originating from the decay series of uranium and thorium and is found anywhere in soil, air and water. The nature of water does not matter with regard to the presence of radon, however, the level of radon concentration varies in different types of water. The present survey is carried out in water samples from the fault zone of Balakot and Mansehra regions, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan, which is important for geological consideration and protection from radiation hazards. The measurements were made on a Pylon system that is based on the radon gas measurement with a Lucas cell. In 72 water samples in the equilibrium state between radon and its progeny, the concentration level of radon is measured. The results show that the radon concentrations are in the range of 4.99-24.52 kBq/m(3), with an average value of 15.52 kBq/m(3) for all types of water taken in this survey.
Assuntos
Geologia , Monitoramento de Radiação , Radônio/análise , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/análise , Humanos , PaquistãoRESUMO
We have developed different electrochemical procedures for the production of gold nanowires with variable and controllable crystallographic and morphological properties using etched ion track templates. The texture of the nanowires is tuned by the variation of the electrodeposition parameters. Potentiostatic plating at low overvoltage provides strongly (110) textured wires for diameters below 100 nm. With the increase in diameter above 100 nm, this texture decreases and the signal from ({111} planes becomes more pronounced. Under reverse pulse deposition conditions, (100) textured wires are generated. The growth mechanism is discussed in detail in terms of the surface energy minimum principle. In addition, wires are shaped in a reliable way from cylindrical to conical geometry by engineering the pore structure in the template.
Assuntos
Cristalização/métodos , Eletroquímica/métodos , Ouro/química , Nanoestruturas/química , Nanoestruturas/ultraestrutura , Nanotecnologia/métodos , Nanotubos/química , Nanotubos/ultraestrutura , Condutividade Elétrica , Substâncias Macromoleculares/química , Teste de Materiais , Conformação Molecular , Tamanho da Partícula , Propriedades de SuperfícieAssuntos
Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/antagonistas & inibidores , Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Colchicina/metabolismo , Lipídeos/química , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Ciclosporina/química , Ciclosporina/farmacologia , Dipiridamol/química , Dipiridamol/farmacologia , Ratos , Solubilidade , Verapamil/química , Verapamil/farmacologia , Zidovudina/química , Zidovudina/farmacologiaRESUMO
The CR-39 track detectors have been applied to irradiate the Chinese hamster V79-753B cells for survival studies. The survival curves have given satisfactory results. Energies of the incoming as well as outgoing proton beams evaluated from the track diameters are found to be close to the values found separately by surface barrier detector (SSBD).