Ecological and toxicological manifestations of microplastics: current scenario, research gaps, and possible alleviation measures.

Microplastics (MPs) and associated contaminants have become a major environmental concern. From available literature, their ubiquitous presence is now well established. However, the kind and level of toxicological impacts these MPs accomplish on various life forms are not well understood. Nevertheless, the environmental toxicity of MP is now being revealed gradually with supporting studies involving groups of lower organisms. Additionally, the presence of microplastics also disturbs the functions of ecosystem through affecting the vulnerable life forms, thus ecological manifestations of MPs also need to be analyzed. The present review encompasses an overview of toxicological effects mediated by various types of MPs present in the environment; it covers the types of toxicity they may cause and other effects on humans and other species. In this review, aquatic systems are used as primary models to describe various eco-toxicological effects of MPs. Various research gaps as well as methods to alleviate the level of MPs, and future strategies are also comprehensively highlighted in the review.

Secukinumab for patients failing previous tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitor therapy: results of a randomized open-label study (SIGNATURE).

BACKGROUND: Efficacy data on therapies for patients with psoriasis who have failed tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitor therapy is limited. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness and tolerability of secukinumab, an interleukin (IL)-17A inhibitor, in patients with moderate/severe chronic plaque psoriasis with documented efficacy failure of TNF-α inhibitor therapy (SIGNATURE study). METHODS: This was a randomized, open-label, noncomparator study in 53 dermatology centres in the U.K. and Republic of Ireland. Patients were randomized 1 : 1 to receive secukinumab 300 mg or 150 mg subcutaneously every week for 4 weeks, then 4-weekly thereafter. Patients were stratified by their prior efficacy failure with TNF-α inhibitors. Only patients who started and stayed on the same dose at each time point were included for efficacy assessments. RESULTS: In total, 233 patients were analysed. The primary end point was met, with a statistically significant improvement in response rates [75% reduction in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 75)] from baseline to week 16 in both secukinumab 300 mg and 150 mg dose groups [77 of 118 patients (65·3%) and 51 of 115 patients (44·3%), respectively; P < 0·0001]. After 72 weeks, in patients starting and remaining on 300 mg, 77% (54 of 70) achieved PASI 75. Improvements in Dermatology Life Quality Index from baseline to week 16 occurred and were maintained up to 72 weeks. The safety profile was generally consistent with previous secukinumab studies, although a higher incidence of some adverse events (e.g. candida infections) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of efficacy and safety of secukinumab for treatment of patients with psoriasis who failed prior TNF-α inhibitor therapy. This study represents a 'real-world' population, providing reassurance that secukinumab is a treatment option in this difficult-to-treat population. What's already known about this topic? Conventional systemic nonbiological and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitor therapies for plaque psoriasis have not fully met patients' needs. There is a lack of data to support the treatment pathways for patients with psoriasis who have inadequate responses to TNF-α inhibitor therapy. Secukinumab, a recombinant high-affinity fully human monoclonal anti-human interleukin-17A antibody of the IgG1/κ-class, has shown excellent safety and efficacy in the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. What does this study add? This is the first study evaluating treatment with biologics after prior efficacy failure of TNF-α inhibitor therapy as defined by the U.K. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence criteria. Secukinumab is an effective treatment in this difficult-to-treat patient population. This study provides important practical information for clinicians managing psoriasis. Adverse events were consistent with the phase III programme for secukinumab, although some adverse events, e.g. candida, were increased.

Stability of Therapeutic Enzymes: Challenges and Recent Advances.

Enzymes are biocatalysts that have found profound applications in the current biotherapeutic industry and play a crucial role in diagnosis, prevention, and biochemical analysis of major diseases. However, stability, protein degradation and immunogenicity in the body present unique challenges that are faced upon sustained use of such enzymes. The present chapter is an attempt to dissect the state-of-the-art in relation to the challenges of development of therapeutic enzymes and the recent advances to address them. At the very outset, diseases where enzymes have found effective applications and the various causes of enzyme instability have been discussed. In recent times, polymer or nano- conjugated resistant delivery methods, as well as mutagenesis have led to manifold increase in enzyme stability against thermal denaturation, acidic gut environment, proteolysis and immunogenicity. Further, methods of analytical characterization of proteins have been highlighted and explored to shape future research directions.

Refolding of thermally denatured cholesterol oxidases by magnetic nanoparticles.

Proteins are prone to unfolding and subsequent denaturation by changes in temperature, pH and other harsh conditions. Nanoparticles act as artificial 'chaperones' due to favourable orientation of the proteins on their scaffold which prevents aggregation and reconfigures denatured proteins into their native functional state. In the present study, thermal denaturation of Cholesterol oxidases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PseA, Rhodococcus erythropolis MTCC 3951 and Streptomyces sp. were studied at temperatures 50-70 °C. Further, these thermally denatured proteins were refolded using functionalized Magnetic Iron (II, III) oxide nanoparticles which was confirmed using DLS, Zeta Potential Measurements, fluorescence and CD spectroscopy. The refolded proteins were found to regain their secondary structure and activity to a great extent.

Efficacy of ureolytic Enterobacter cloacae EMB19 mediated calcite precipitation in remediation of Zn (II).

In this study, urease mediated calcite precipitation technique was used for remediation of Zn (II). A urease positive Enterobacter cloacae EMB19 was used to produce calcite impregnated with Zn ions. In co-presence of Ca (II), Zn (II) concentrations of 10 and 20 mg L-1 were completely remediated by the bacterium from the media at 72 and 96 h of incubation, respectively. Co-precipitation of Ca (II) and Zn (II) to form calcite-Zn precipitate is one of the major mechanisms of Zn remediation in the present study. Role of urease in calcite-Zn precipitation was substantiated by using urease/carbonate and ammonium enriched cell free culture supernatant (CFS) obtained after sufficient microbial growth. Using CFS, 68% removal of initial 50 mg L-1 Zn (II) was detected. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) of the precipitate supports calcite mediated remediation of Zn. Remediation of multiple metals viz. Cd, Zn, Cu was also analyzed using CFS laden with urease. The preparation showed 40% Cd, 23% Zn, and 8% Cu reduction from the solution containing initial 25 mg L-1 of each metal. Overall, it can be concluded that, the E. cloacae mediated calcite precipitation technique could effectively be used for alleviation of Zn (II) and other heavy metals from the contaminated environment.

Harnessing the bio-mineralization ability of urease producing Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae EMB19 for remediation of heavy metal cadmium (II).

In the present study, urease positive Serratia marcescens (NCIM2919) and Enterobacter cloacae EMB19 (MTCC10649) were individually evaluated for remediation of cadmium (II) using ureolysis-induced calcium carbonate precipitation. Both the cultures were observed to efficiently remove cadmium from the media through co-precipitation of Cd (II) and Ca (II). S. marcescens and E. cloacae EMB19, respectively showed 96 and 98% removal of initial 5.0 mg L-1 soluble Cd (II) from the urea and CaCl2 laden media at 96 h of incubation period. At higher Cd (II) concentrations of 10 and 15 mg L-1, cadmium removal efficiency was much higher in case of E. cloacae EMB19 compared to S. marcescens. In-vitro cadmium (II) remediation study using urease containing cell-free culture supernatant of S. marcescens and E. cloacae EMB19 showed respective 98 and 53% removal of initial 50 mg L-1 Cd (II) from the reaction mixtures in co-presence of Ca (II). While in sole presence of Cd (II), only 16 and 8% removal of Cd (II) were detected for S. marcescens and E. cloacae EMB19, respectively. The elemental analysis of the co-precipitated mineral products using Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) clearly showed the prevalence of Ca and Cd ions. The morphology Cd-Ca composites formed with respect to both the cultures were observed to be of different shape and size as revealed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Entire study hence comes out with a sustainable bioremediation option which could be effectively used to tackle Cd (II) or other heavy metal pollution.

One-pot bioprocess for lactic acid production from lignocellulosic agro-wastes by using ionic liquid stable Lactobacillus brevis.

The lignocellulosic agro-wastes are an attractive renewable resource in biorefinery for production of value-added platform chemicals and biofuels. The study describes use of different agro-wastes as substrate for production of lactic acid, a C3-platform chemical and high demand industrial product by Lactobacillus brevis in a one-pot bioprocess. The simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) process was achieved by L. brevis governed fermentation of sugars, derived from saccharification of ionic liquid pretreated feedstocks by nanoimmobilized cellulase, which was further recovered and used for consecutive cycle. The lactic acid yields of 0.22, 0.49, 0.52 g/g were obtained from cottonseed cake, wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse, respectively. The ionic liquid-tolerant L. brevis, cellulolytic reusable nanoimmobilized enzyme coupled with valorization of renewable feedstocks points towards a holistic approach for future biorefineries with sustainable production of bioproducts.

Potential of ionic liquids for inhibiting the growth and ß-lactamase production by Bacillus cereus EMB20.

Present work reports the inhibition of Bacillus cereus EMB20 ß-lactamase by a deep eutectic solvent, maline in an uncompetitive manner. Far-UV CD and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy revealed a disrupted secondary as well as tertiary structure as a function of maline concentration. The effect of individual components of maline on ß-lactamase inhibition showed that malonic acid was mainly responsible for inhibiting the ß-lactamase. Structural and docking studies found that malonic acid led to major perturbations in the secondary and tertiary structure of the enzyme while H-bonding with the active site residues. Further the antibacterial and cytotoxic studies also confirmed the potential of maline as a potent growth inhibitor of ß-lactamase producing B. cereus EMB20.

Structure and Functional Characterisation of a Distinctive ß-Lactamase from an Environmental Strain EMB20 of Bacillus cereus.

The rampant use and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture and veterinary have become the key contributors to global antimicrobial resistance. One of the significant resistance mechanisms that inactivates antibiotics and impedes treatment of bacterial infections is the expression of ß-lactamases. Rising evidence of newer variants of ß-lactamases in the environment is therefore a serious threat to the presently available antibiotic armoury. The present work describes the purification of a variant ß-lactamase isolated from a soil strain EMB20 of Bacillus cereus. The lactamase was purified using three-phase partitioning and gel filtration chromatography to a 30-fold purification and 15% recovery yield. Contrary to the general trend, the lactamase was not a metalloenzyme, but its activity was enhanced in the presence of Mg2+ and Mn2+. The EMB20 lactamase exhibited improved stability against inhibitors and denaturing agents such as urea and GdmCl as compared to its commercial analogue. The improved stability of EMB20 lactamase was further validated by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. This study reemphasizes the rising prevalence of environmental lactamase variants. Decoding the structure-function correlation of such lactamases in the presence of inhibitors will provide insights into the response of this enzyme towards inhibitors as well as its substrates.

Biodegradation of 7-Ketocholesterol by Rhodococcus erythropolis MTCC 3951: Process optimization and enzymatic insights.

The oxidation of cholesterol results in the formation of oxysterols such as 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), which are implicated in a number of age-related disorders such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimers' disease and macular degeneration. Current modalities use antioxidants and other natural or synthetic molecules to reduce 7KC-induced cytotoxity. The alternative application of enzymes from microbial sources to degrade oxysterols in vitro and in vivo is an innovative approach. The present study aims to assess the potential of the bacteria Rhodococcus erythropolis MTCC 3951 in degrading 7KC and mining relevant enzymes involved. This strain has been previously reported to be a degrader of xenobiotics such as polyphenols, toluene and catechol. Under optimized conditions, Rhodococcus erythropolis MTCC 3951 is found to degrade 93% of 1g/l concentration of 7KC within 15days of incubation. The extra- and intra-cellular extracts were also able to hydrolyse the compound indicating the involvement of enzymatic systems in the process. The strain produced cholesterol oxidase, lipase, dehydrogenase and reductase in the presence of 7KC. We have also identified a few intermediate products to predict the degradation pathway.

Development of cellulase-nanoconjugates with enhanced ionic liquid and thermal stability for in situ lignocellulose saccharification.

The present work aimed to improve catalytic efficiency of Trichoderma reesei cellulase for enhanced saccharification. The cellulase was immobilized on two nanomatrices i.e. magnetic and silica nanoparticles with immobilization efficiency of 85% and 76% respectively. The nanobioconjugates exhibited increase in Vmax, temperature optimum, pH and thermal stability as compared with free enzyme. These could be efficiently reused for five repeated cycles and were stable in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumacetate [EMIM][Ac], an ionic liquid. Ionic liquids (IL) are used as green solvents to dissolve lignocellulosic biomass and facilitate better saccharification. The cellulase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles was used for in situ saccharification of [EMIM][Ac] pretreated sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw for two cycles. The structural deconstruction and decrease in biomass crystallinity was confirmed by SEM, XRD and FTIR. The high hydrolysis yields (∼89%) obtained in this one-pot process coupled with IL stability and recycled use of immobilized cellulase, potentiates its usefulness in biorefineries.

Atypical role of sprouty in colorectal cancer: sprouty repression inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.365.

2-Pyrrolidone synthesis from γ-aminobutyric acid produced by Lactobacillus brevis under solid-state fermentation utilizing toxic deoiled cottonseed cake.

There is an increasing demand of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as drug and food additive, as well as feedstock to produce 2-pyrrolidone, a precursor for the synthesis of nylon 4. 2-Pyrrolidone is a petrochemical and depleting reserve which raises concern for its bio-based production. The study herein describes bio-based economical GABA production from Lactobacillus brevis by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using toxic deoiled cottonseed cake (CSC) as substrate. In general, the use of cottonseed cake remains restricted due to the presence of toxic gossypols. Thus, simultaneous detoxification observed during fermentation also widens the scope of utilization of this residual seedcake for feed use vis-a-vis production of other value added chemicals. The SSF conditions were optimized for maximum GABA production, viz., 19.7 mg/g, CSC of GABA was obtained at 6th day of fermentation with 70 % degradation of gossypols simultaneously. The potential of this bio-based GABA as a platform chemical is demonstrated in the synthesis of 2-pyrrolidone. Thus, a simple and cost-effective strategy for utilizing toxic biomass has been developed as an alternate to chemical synthetic route.

Primary Sjogren's syndrome presenting as hypokalemic paralysis: A case series.

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) primarily involves exocrine glands, and renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is seen in one-third of the cases. RTA with hypokalemic paralysis as a presenting feature of pSS is described in few case reports in literature. We report 13 cases who presented as hypokalemic paralysis, and on evaluation were diagnosed to be pSS, as per the diagnostic criteria laid by the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (2012). All patients were female, with a mean age at presentation being 33.1 ± 8.22 years (range, 25-48 years). Eleven patients had a complete distal RTA and two patients had incomplete distal RTA at the time of presentation. 62% (8/13) of patients had no signs and symptoms of exocrine gland involvement. All the cases were managed with oral alkali therapy, and six patients received additional immunomodulating agents. No improvement in renal tubular dysfunction (in the form of a reduction in the alkali dose) after immunomodulating therapy was observed over a mean follow-up of 2.8 years. Renal tubular dysfunction can be the presenting manifestation of pSS. It is important to consider the possible presence of this disorder in adults with otherwise unexplained distal RTA or hypokalemia.

First-principles phase diagram calculations for the rocksalt-structure quasibinary systems TiN-ZrN, TiN-HfN and ZrN-HfN.

We have studied the phase equilibria of three ceramic quasibinary systems Ti1-x Zr x N, Ti1-x Hf x N and Zr1-x Hf x N (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1) with density functional theory, cluster expansion and Monte Carlo simulations. We predict consolute temperatures (T C), at which miscibility gaps close, for Ti1-x Zr x N to be 1400 K, for Ti1-x Hf x N to be 700 K, and below 200 K for Zr1-x Hf x N. The asymmetry of the formation energy ΔE f(x) is greater for Ti1-x Hf x N than Ti1-x Zr x N, with less solubility on the smaller cation TiN-side, and similar asymmetries were predicted for the corresponding phase diagrams. We also analyzed different energetic contributions: ΔE f of the random solid solutions were decomposed into a volume change term, [Formula: see text], and a chemical exchange and relaxation term, [Formula: see text]. These two energies partially cancel one another. We conclude that [Formula: see text] influences the magnitude of T C and [Formula: see text] influences the asymmetry of ΔE f(x) and phase boundaries. We also conclude that the absence of experimentally observed phase separation in Ti1-x Zr x N and Ti1-x Hf x N is due to slow kinetics at low temperatures. In addition, elastic constants and mechanical properties of the random solid solutions were studied with the special quasirandom solution approach. Monotonic trends, in the composition dependence, of shear-related mechanical properties, such as Vickers hardness between 18 to 23 GPa, were predicted. Trends for Ti1-x Zr x N and Ti1-x Hf x N exhibit down-bowing (convexity). It shows that mixing nitrides of same group transition metals does not lead to hardness increase from an electronic origin, but through solution hardening mechanism. The mixed thin films show consistency and stability with little phase separation, making them desirable coating choices.

Identification of performance indicators across a network of clinical cancer programs.

BACKGROUND: Cancer quality indicators have previously been described for a single tumour site or a single treatment modality, or according to distinct data sources. Our objective was to identify cancer quality indicators across all treatment modalities specific to breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer. METHODS: Candidate indicators for each tumour site were extracted from the relevant literature and rated in a modified Delphi approach by multidisciplinary groups of expert clinicians from 3 clinical cancer programs. All rating rounds were conducted by e-mail, except for one that was conducted as a face-to-face expert panel meeting, thus modifying the original Delphi technique. Four high-level indicators were chosen for immediate data collection. A list of confounding variables was also constructed in a separate literature review. RESULTS: A total of 156 candidate indicators were identified for breast cancer, 68 for colorectal cancer, 40 for lung cancer, and 43 for prostate cancer. Iterative rounds of ratings led to a final list of 20 evidence- and consensus-based indicators each for colorectal and lung cancer, and 19 each for breast and prostate cancer. Approximately 30 clinicians participated in the selection of the breast, lung, and prostate indicators; approximately 50 clinicians participated in the selection of the colorectal indicators. CONCLUSIONS: The modified Delphi approach that incorporates an in-person meeting of expert clinicians is an effective and efficient method for performance indicator selection and offers the added benefit of optimal clinician engagement. The finalized indicator lists for each tumour site, together with salient confounding variables, can be directly adopted (or adapted) for deployment within a performance improvement program.

Biodegradation of cytotoxic 7-Ketocholesterol by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PseA.

The present study aims to degrade 7-Ketocholesterol (7KC), a major oxysterol implicated in many age-related disorders, through microbial means and find candidate enzymes involved for further application in food systems and as a therapeutic. During initial screening of previously isolated bacteria from our laboratory, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PseA was found to be a potential degrader strain using 7KC as a sole carbon source. Under optimized conditions, it is able to degrade 88% of an initial concentration of 1000ppm (1g/l) 7KC. Preliminary in vitro studies with extra-cellular extract has shown degradation of the compound, thus reinforcing the occurrence of suitable enzymatic systems involved in the process. We have been able to identify cholesterol oxidase as one such potential enzyme. Some intermediate products of degradation have also been identified. This is the first detailed report of 7KC degradation by a P. aeruginosa strain.

Atypical role of sprouty in colorectal cancer: sprouty repression inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Sprouty (SPRY) appears to act as a tumor suppressor in cancer, whereas we demonstrated that SPRY2 functions as a putative oncogene in colorectal cancer (CRC) (Oncogene, 2010, 29: 5241-5253). We investigated the mechanisms by which SPRY regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CRC. SPRY1 and SPRY2 mRNA transcripts were significantly upregulated in human CRC. Suppression of SPRY2 repressed AKT2 and EMT-inducing transcription factors and significantly increased E-cadherin expression. Concurrent downregulation of SPRY1 and SPRY2 also increased E-cadherin and suppressed mesenchymal markers in colon cancer cells. An inverse expression pattern between AKT2 and E-cadherin was established in a human CRC tissue microarray. SPRY2 negatively regulated miR-194-5p that interacts with AKT2 3' untranslated region. Mir-194 mimics increased E-cadherin expression and suppressed cancer cell migration and invasion. By confocal microscopy, we demonstrated redistribution of E-cadherin to plasma membrane in colon cancer cells transfected with miR-194. Spry1(-/-) and Spry2(-/-) double mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibited decreased cell migration while acquiring several epithelial markers. In CRC, SPRY drive EMT and may serve as a biomarker of poor prognosis.

Structural elucidation and molecular characterization of Marinobacter sp. α-amylase.

Halophiles have been perceived as potential source of novel enzymes in recent years. The interest emanates from their ability to catalyze efficiently under high salt and organic solvents. Marinobacter sp. EMB8 α-amylase was found to be active and stable in salt and organic solvents. A study was carried out using circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy, and bioinformatics analysis of similar protein sequence to ascertain molecular basis of salt and solvent adaptability of α-amylase. Structural changes recorded in the presence of varying amounts of NaCl exhibited an increase in negative ellipticity as a function of salt, confirming that salt stabilizes the protein and increases the secondary structure, making it catalytically functional. The data of intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence (using 1-anilinonaphthalene 8-sulfonate [ANS] as probe) further confirmed the role of salt. The α-amylase was active in the presence of nonpolar solvents, namely, hexane and decane, but inactivated by ethanol. The decrease in the activity was correlated with the loss of tertiary structure in the presence of ethanol. Guanidine hydrochloride and pH denaturation indicated the molten globule state at pH 4.0. Partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified α-amylase revealed the relatedness to Pseudoalteromonas sp. α-amylase. "FVHLFEW" was found as the N-terminal signature sequence. Bioinformatics analysis was done using M. algicola α-amylase protein having the same N-terminal signature sequence. The three-dimensional structure of Marinobacter α-amylase was deduced using the I-TASSER server, which reflected the enrichment of acidic amino acids on the surface, imparting the stability in the presence of salt. Our study clearly indicate that salt is necessary for maintaining the secondary and tertiary structure of halophilic protein, which is a necessary prerequisite for catalysis.