[The safety of a new chemical typhoid preparation containing a complex of Vi and K antigens in tests of its acute and chronic toxicity]. / Bezvrednost' novogo khimicheskogo briushnotifoznogo preparata, soderzhashchego kompleks Vi- i K-antigenov, v testakh ostroi i khronicheskoi toksichnosti.

Acute and chronic toxicity of a new chemical typhoid preparation containing the complex of surface Vi- and K-antigens has been studied. The study has revealed that the preparation, when introduced subcutaneously and intravenously in immunizing doses in a single injection or in multiple injections, produces no toxic effect on the organs and tissues of experimental animals. In experiments of chronic toxicity the microscopic study has shown pronounced hyperplasia of the lymphoid system with enhanced macrophage reaction in the spleen, thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches in the small intestine.

[The pathomorphological changes in the organs and tissues of mice with congenital pathology induced by the inactivated influenza virus]. / Patomorfologicheksie izmeneniia organov i tkanei myshei s vrozhdennoi patologiei, indutsirovannoi inaktivirovannym virusom grippa.

The structural and functional changes in organs and tissues of 30 young mice born from mothers treated intravenously with irradiation-inactivated influenza virus were studied. A detailed morphological analysis showed that a single inoculation of pregnant females with inactivated influenza virus resulted in the progeny in morphological lesions in organs and tissues typical of slow influenza infection.

[The toxic and immunomodulating properties of the somatic O-antigen polysaccharide of typhoid bacteria]. / Toksicheskie i immunomoduliruiushchie svoistva polisakharida O-somaticheskogo antigena bakterii briushnogo tifa.

In experiments on random bred mice and mice of various strains it was shown that when administered parenterally typhoid bacteria O-somatic antigen polysaccharide possesses the immunomodulatory properties. It stimulates the non-specific resistance of the organism to bacterial infection, produces the polyclonal activation of beta-lymphocytes, possesses the adjuvant properties, activates cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. At administration in therapeutic doses the drug is not toxic, possesses no carcinogenic, mutagenic and allergenic properties.

[Morphometric analysis of immunologic deficiency in newborn mice developing after transplacental transmission of live or inactivated influenza A virus]. / Morfometricheskii analiz immunologicheskoi nedostatochnosti u myshat, razvivaiushcheisia v rezul'tate transplatsentarnoi peredachi zhivogo ili inaktivirovannogo virusa grippa.

Morphometric evaluation of the thymus and spleen was used to characterize the complex immunological deficiency in suckling mice developing as a result of transplacental transmission of both live and inactivated influenza virus.

[Characteristics of the damage to immunocompetent organs in experimental slow influenza infection]. / Osobennosti porazheniia immunokompetenynykh organov pri éksperimental'noi medlennoi grippoznoi infektsii.

Morphological changes in immunocompetent organs were studied in 30 mice with slow influenza infection. Histological, histochemical, and electron microscopy studies revealed destructive changes in different cell populations of the thymus and spleen. The changes were more pronounced in the reticuloendothelial cells of the thymus and endothelium of thymic capillaries. Complex examination helps to outline the general pathological patterns in interpreting the pathogenesis of experimental slow influenza infection.

[Induction by an inactivated influenza virus of congenital pathology and pregnancy pathology in mice]. / Induktsiia inaktivirovannym virusom grippa vrozhdennoi patologii i patologii beremennosti u myshei.

Intravenous inoculation of pregnant mice with inactivated (noninfectious) influenza virus reduces by one-third their fertility owing to the death of the fetuses. Among the progeny of such females, there are specimens with signs of progressive pathology clinically similar to that which develops in the progeny born to the females intranasally inoculated during pregnancy with a live (infectious) influenza virus. The frequency of such pathology depends both on the virus strain and on genetic characteristics of mice. The role of influenza virus surface structures in the development of pathology of pregnancy and pathology in the progeny is discussed.

[Safety and sensitizing properties of a polyvalent corpuscular Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine and its effect on hematological indices]. / Bezvrednost', sensibiliziruiushchie svoistva polivalentnoi korpuskuliarnoi sinegnoinoi vaktsiny i ee vliianie na gematologicheskie pokazateli.

The acute and chronic toxicity, influence on hematological characteristics and sensitizing properties of P. aeruginosa polyvalent corpuscular vaccine have been studied in experiments on 3 species of animals. The acute experiment has shown that the LD50 of the preparation contains not less than 7800 million cells, which is almost 160 times higher than the recommended immunizing dose (500 million cells). The safety of the preparation is confirmed by the data obtained in the histological and histochemical investigations of the tissues and organs of animals subjected to multiple immunizations with the vaccine. These investigations have revealed no pathological changes in the animals. During the study of the chronic toxicity of the preparation the hematological characteristics of the animals have been found to remain within normal limits. The vaccine has been shown to possess low sensitizing activity, which is manifested by the absence of severe reactions to allergic skin tests with different bacterial allergens (specific allergens obtained from P. aeruginosa and allergens obtained from other bacterial species), made on completion of the course of immunization with the vaccine.

[Morphological study of the organs and tissues of mice infected after a burn with a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain and treated with a Pseudomonas aeruginosa polyvalent corpuscular vaccine and tobramycin]. / Morfologicheskoe izuchenie organov i tkanei myshei, infitsirovannykh posle ozgoga shtammom sinegnoinoi palochki i lechennykh sinegnoinoi polivalentnoi korpuskuliarnoi vaktsinoi i tobramitsinom.

The effect of tobramycin and polyvalent corpuscular Ps. aeruginosa vaccine on the infectious process in mice with grade III burns inoculated with Ps. aeruginosa 1312 was studied. The highest percentage of the survival (100 per cent) among the animals was observed, when the vaccine was applied locally every day for 7 days. With the use of tobramycin administered intramuscularly for 2 times 95 per cent of the animals survived. When the vaccine was administered subcutaneously, 96.6 per cent of the animals survived. Morphological investigation of the organs and tissues of the mice showed that the vaccine applications to the infected burns promoted rapid elimination of microorganisms in the wounds and prevented development of sepsis due to Ps. aeruginosa. At the same time early epithelization of the wounds was observed (by the 4th-7th day). Intramuscular injections of tobramycin and subcutaneous injection of vaccine also prevented development of sepsis due to Ps. aeruginosa and protected the animals from death. Still no epithelization of the wounds by that period was observed. Microscopic examinations revealed necrosis of the epiderma and derma elements and microbial swarms on the skin surface.

[Experimental slow influenza infection in mice]. / Eksperimental'naia medlennaia grippoznaia infektsiia u myshei.

In baby mice born to mothers--virus carriers (surviving for various periods after intranasal administration of influenza virus), infectious persisting influenza virus in titres of 10(0.5) to 10(2.5) EID50/0.1 ml was found in the blood, lungs, livers, kidneys, spleens, and brains. Not infrequently, such animals developed a severe pathological process accompanied by growth retardation and characterized by progressive involvement of the hypothalamus, immunocompetent organs, endocrine system and always terminating by the death of the animals. Possible mechanisms of the described slow form of influenza infection are discussed.

[Possible ways of modeling latent influenzae infection in mice]. / Vozmozhnye puti modelirovaniia skrytoi grippoznoi infektsii u myshei.

A latent influenza infection was produced experimentally in three ways: after experiencing the disease, after immunization with a live virus, as a result of vertical transmission of the virus persisting in females. In the latent influenza infection forming after the disease the duration of virus persistence was 112 days postinfection. The persisting virus from the animals receiving a single immunization was isolated only up to 35 days postinoculation. Both after the disease and immunization with a live virus the persisting infectious virus was found in the lungs in low titres not exceeding 1 lg EID50/0.2 ml. In contrast, a latent influenza infection in mice born to mothers-virus carriers was characterized by virus persistence in the blood and viscera in titres of 10(1) to 10(2) EID50/0.1 ml. Features of influenza virus persistence and conditions of its formation in mammals by the three ways mentioned are discussed.

[Changes in the skin and internal organs of hamsters infected with various species of Leishmania]. / Izmeneniia v kozhe i vnutrennikh organakh khomiakov, zarazhennykh razlichnymi vidami leishmanii.

Morphological changes in organs and tissues of golden hamsters infected with different substrains of three species of Leishmania were studied by means of histological, histochemical and electron microscopy methods. Suspension of Leishmania promastigotes were administered intracutaneously to 495 animals. Detailed morphological analysis has shown that clinical differences in experimental leishmaniasis caused by three species of Leishmania are fully confirmed by morphological data. The studied species of Leishmania cause lesion of the skin specific for each species of the parasite. Thus, each of these parasites has its own characteristic type of relationships with a vertebrate host.

[Chemotherapy of experimental lactational mastitis in mice]. / Khimioterapiia éksperimental'nogo laktatsionnogo mastita u myshei.

More severe mastitis on infection with Proteus was shown on a standardized model of experimental lactation mastitis of mice caused by Staphylococcus, Proteus and their mixture. Significant differences in the morphological pictures of the staphylococcal and Proteus mastitis were noted. A pronounced effect was observed with the use of kanamycin in combination with fuzidin in treatment of experimental mastitis of various etiology.

[Effect of antibiotics on the structure and function of the ovaries]. / O vliianii antibiotikov na strukturu i funktsiiu iaichnikov.

Streptomycin, penicillin, levomycetin, florimycin, cycloserin, erythromycin, sekazin, novobiocin, tetracyclines and neomycins had a stimulating effect on the sexual organs of the tests animals during the 1st decade of their administration. With long-term use some of the drugs induced dystrophic changes in the ovary. The signs of stimulation in the ovary were evident from increased activity of the oxidation-reduction enzymes in the inner membrane of the follicles and the interstitial cells of the stroma, as well as in an increase in the number of the maturating follicles. With long-term long use of erythromycin, sekasin or novobiocin, disappearance of the primordial follicles, an increase in the number of the atretic follicles and death of the ovocytes in the mature follicles were observed in the ovary.

[Change in the activity of the enzymatic systems of rabbit macrophages following injuries to several hypothalamic nuclei (histochemical study)]. / Izmenenie aktivnosti énzimaticheskikh sistem krolich'ikh makrofagov pri povrezhdenii nekotorykh iadergipotalamusa (gistokhimicheskoe isseldovanie)

The authors conducted a histochemical study of the activity of some lysosomal and redox enzymes of the peritoneal macrophages in injury of the structures of the anterior and the posterior hypothalamus. Bilateral coagulation of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus proved to be accompanied by increase in the activity of the lysosomal enzymes and a corresponding reduction in the activity of the redox enzymes on the 10th and the 21st postoperative days. The activity of lysosomal enzymes decreased and of the redox--rose on the 15th postoperative day. A reduction in the activity of the lysosomal enzymes was observed on the 10th and the 15th days after the supraoptic nucleus coagulation; by the 21st day it was replaced by a marked increase in their activity. A conclusion was drawn that an important role in the regulation of the macrophage function and of their lysosomal apparatus belonged to the hypothalamus.

[General regularities of the macrophage reaction in the administration of various antigens and the phagocytosis of microorganisms]. / Obshchie zakonomernosti reaktsii makrofagov pri vvedenii razlichnykh antigenov i fagotsitoze mikroorganizmov

A study of ingestion and elimination of cells of peritoneal exudate (CPE) of mouse labeled antigens of various physico-chemical nature with a simultaneous analysis of their influence on the function of the enzymatic systems of macrophages showed that both the corpuscular (sheep erythrocytes, typhoid vaccine) and the soluble (albumin, endotoxin of S. typhi, tetanus and staphylococcus toxoid) antigens caused a unitypical reaction of the cells of monocytic phagocytic system. Thirty minutes after the administration the principal mass of labeled antigens (albumin, typhoid vaccine, sheep erythrocytes) was phagocytized by macrophages and was revealed chiefly in their phagolysosomal fraction. The greater part of radioactive material was eliminated in the course of the first 24 hours; however, some of it could be found in the macrophages for a long time. During the process of phagocytosis the activity of lysosomal (catepsin, acid phosphatase, desoxyribonuclease, beta-glucoronidase) enzymes in the macrophages decreased and the activity of redox (succinic dehydrogenase, NAD-N2-diaphorase) enzymes became intensified. A fall of catepsin activity in the CPE of mice 30 minutes after the intraperitoneal administration of the antigens was accompanied by its activation in the cells of the spleen.

[Study of the functional activity of the macrophages of animals immunized with staphylococcal alpha-anatoxin]. / Izuchenie funktsional'noi aktivnosti makrofagov zhivotnykh, immunizirovannykh stafilokokkovym al'fa-anatoksinom

A study was made by histochemical methods of the activity of the enzymatic systems of macrophages from normal rabbits and those immunized with staphylococcus alpha-toxoid per se and infected with the strains of staphylococcus--producers of alpha-toxin or leukocydin. Immunization of rabbits was accompanied by a reduction in macrophages of the activity of the group of lysosomal enzymes and by an increase in the activity of the redox enzymes. In infection of "immune" macrophages with the living culture of the alpha-toxigenic strains the mentioned changes were more pronounced; no such changes were found after the infection with the leukocydin-active strain. The data obtained suggested that the lysosomal enzymes played a definite role in the process of phagocytosis.