Eco-friendly preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Tabernaemontana divaricata and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity.

The present work reports the green synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using aqueous Tabernaemontana divaricata green leaf extract. ZnO NPs have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultra Violet-Visible (UV-Vis) studies, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) analysis. XRD pattern analysis confirms the presence of pure hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure of ZnO. The TEM images reveal the formation of spherical shape ZnO NPs with the sizes ranging from 20 to 50 nm. The FT-IR analysis suggests that the obtained ZnO NPs have been stabilized through the interactions of steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenyl propanoids, phenolic acids and enzymes present in the leaf extract. Mechanism for the formation of ZnO NPs using Tabernaemontana divaricata as bioactive compound is proposed. As prepared ZnO NPs reveals antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains, Salmonella paratyphi, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The ZnO NPs shows higher antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli and lesser antibacterial activity against S. paratyphi compared to the standard pharmaceutical formulation. Photocatalytic activity of synthesized ZnO NPs was analyzed for methylene blue (MB) dye degradation with sunlight. Almost complete degradation of dye occurred in 90 min. This nano-ZnO, prepared by eco-friendly method will be much useful for dye removal and bacterial decontamination.

Thermal, structural, functional, optical and magnetic studies of pure and Ba doped CdO nanoparticles.

In this research, a chemical precipitation method was used to synthesize undoped and doped cadmium oxide nanoparticles and studied by TG-DTA, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, with EDX and antibacterial activities, respectively. The melting points, thermal stability and the kinetic parameters like entropy (ΔS), enthalpy (ΔH), Gibb's energy (ΔG), activation energy (E), frequency factor (A) were evaluated from TG-DTA measurements. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) brought out the information about the synthesized products exist in spherical in shape with cubic structure. The functional groups and band area of the samples were established by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The direct and indirect band gap energy of pure and doped samples were determined by UV-Vis-DRS. The surface morphological, elemental compositions and particles sizes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Finally, antibacterial activities indicated the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are more active in transporter, dehydrogenize and periplasmic enzymatic activities of pure and doped samples.

Spectroscopic studies and antibacterial activities of pure and various levels of Cu-doped BaSO4 nanoparticles.

The present study was made to design the pure and various levels of Cu doped (0.025 M, 0.05 M and 0.075 M) BaSO4 NPs synthesized by chemical precipitation method. The synthesized products have been characterised by X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), UV-Vis-diffused reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis-DRS), field emission-scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE-SEM with EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and application oriented study like antibacterial activity also reported. The result determined from XRD was affirmed by the results obtained from electron microscopic measurements. XRD study revealed that the synthesized products were composed of orthorhombic structure and highly crystalline in nature. Furthermore, flaky like morphology of pure and Cu-BaSO4 nanoparticles have been observed from the images obtained from these studies. The existence of Cu(2+) was confirmed by EDS analysis. The functional groups of the synthesized samples were analysed by FT-IR study. The band gap energies of pure and doped samples were accomplished using UV-Vis-DRS analysis. Also, the kinetic parameters were evaluated and reported from the thermal stability of nanoparticles. Eventually, gram-negative bacteria shows the less antibacterial activities compared to gram-positive bacteria due to adsorption of BaSO4 nanoparticles on the surface of the used bacteria.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Croton sparsiflorus morong leaf extract and their antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Biologically synthesized nanoparticles have been widely used in the field of medicine. Especially, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized by the leaf extract lead the biological activity. In the present work, the synthesized Ag NPs by using the leaf extract of Croton sparsiflorus morong Ag NPs were characterized by using UV-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) along with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy and Fourier Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, respectively. UV-Vis peak at 457 nm confirmed the Ag NPs due to the absorption. Cubic structural analysis and 16 nm particle size of the Ag NPs were calculated by using XRD analysis. The surface morphology along with the presence of Ag NPs was identified by using FE-SEM and EDX, respectively. The FT-IR study revealed with the functional groups of the Ag NPs. Finally, the present research has been explored to exhibit the significant antimicrobial activities.

Synthesis, characterizations and anti-bacterial activities of pure and Ag doped CdO nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method.

In the present study, synthesized pure and Ag (1%, 2%, and 3%) doped Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method. Then, the synthesized products were characterized by thermo gravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Ultra violet-Vis diffused reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis-DRS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-rays (EDX) spectroscopy, and anti-bacterial activities, respectively. The transition temperatures and phase transitions of Cd(OH)2 to CdO at 400°C was confirmed by TG-DTA analysis. The XRD patterns show the cubic shape and average particle sizes are 21, 40, 34, and 37nm, respectively for pure and Ag doped samples. FT-IR study confirmed the presence of CdO and Ag at 677 and 459cm(-1), respectively. UV-Vis-DRS study shows the variation on direct and indirect band gaps. The surface morphologies and elemental analysis have been confirmed from SEM and with EDX. In addition, the synthesized products have been characterized by antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and negative bacteria. Further, the present investigation suggests that CdO nanoparticles have the great potential applications on various industrial and medical fields of research.

Synthesis, characterization and anti-bacterial activities of pure and Co-doped BaSO4 nanoparticles via chemical precipitation route.

In the present study, we reported that the synthesis and characterization of pure and diverse mole Co-doped BaSO4 nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical precipitation technique. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) brought out the information about the synthesized products is orthorhombic structure and highly crystalline in nature. The average grain size of the samples was determined by using the Debye-Scherer's equation. The existence of functional groups and band area of the samples were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The direct and indirect band gap energy of pure and doped samples was carried out using UV-VIS-DRS. The surface micrograph, morphological distribution and elemental compositions of the synthesized products were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDS). Thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) techniques were analyzed thermal behaviour of pure and Co-doped samples. Finally, antibacterial activities found the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are more active in transporter, dehydrogenize and periplasmic enzymatic activities of pure and doped samples.

Characterizations of diverse mole of pure and Ni-doped α-Fe2O3 synthesized nanoparticles through chemical precipitation route.

In the present study, an attempt has been made for characterization and synthesis of pure and Ni-doped α-Fe2O3 (hematite) nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method. The synthesized products have been studied by X-ray diffraction (X-RD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The estimated average diameter of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were calculated by using the Debye-Scherrer equation and established as 31 nm. SEM micrographs showed the surface morphology as well as structures and particles distributions of synthesized samples. The UV-Vis DRS showed the indirect and direct band gap energies of pure and Ni-doped α-Fe2O3, these were reduced from 1.9847 to 1.52 eV and 2.0503 to 1.76 eV respectively. This result suggested the dopant enhanced the semiconducting behavior of iron oxide nanoparticles to an extent proportional to its nickel doped in the α-Fe2O3. Further, the magnetic properties of the pure and doped samples were investigated by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and evaluated the information of pure and doped samples exhibited saturated hysteresis loop at room temperature, which is indicating that the weak ferromagnetism in nature of our synthesized samples. In addition, it has been found from the magnetization hysteresis curves of Ni-doping, resulting from increased the saturation of magnetization and reduced the coercivity of used samples. Therefore, the present study showed the reduction in band gap energies and coercive field for α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles due to nickel doped.

Protective effects of desferrioxamine and deferiprone on the spleen tissue of aluminum intoxicated mice: A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study.

The present study was designed to examine the protective effects of the chelating agents desferrioxamine (DFO) and deferiprone (DFP) in aluminum intoxicated spleen tissue of mice by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The finding revealed the alterations on the major biochemical constituents, such as lipids, proteins, phosphodiester and nucleic acids of the spleen tissue of mice at molecular level. The significant decreased in the peak areas of asymmetric and symmetric mode of the phosphodiester groups from control to aluminum intoxicated, but improved it by DFP and DFO+DFP treatments respectively for nearer control value. The bands ratio at I1081/I1232 significantly decreased from control to aluminum, but enhanced it by DFP and DFO+DFP respectively. This result suggests that DFO and DFP are the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, recovered from chronic growth of diseases in the spleen. Amide I and amide II peak area values decreased from control to aluminum intoxicated spleen tissue, but treated with DFP and DFO+DFP significantly improved. This result suggests an alteration in the protein profile. The absence of Olefinic=CH stretching in aluminum intoxicated spleen suggests an altered lipid levels. Concentrations of trace elements were found by ICP-OES. Histopathological findings confirmed the biochemical observations of this study. The results of the FTIR study were found to be in agreement with biochemical studies and demonstrated that FTIR can be used successfully applied to toxicological studies at molecular level.

Studies the alterations of biochemical and mineral contents in bone tissue of mus musculus due to aluminum toxicity and the protective action of desferrioxamine and deferiprone by FTIR, ICP-OES, SEM and XRD techniques.

The present study has attempt to analyze the changes in the biochemical and mineral contents of aluminum intoxicated bone and determine the protective action of desferrioxamine (DFO) and deferiprone (DFP) by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques for four groups of animals such as control (Group I), aluminum intoxicated (Group II), Al+DFP (Group III) and Al+DFO+DFP (Group IV) treated groups respectively. The FTIR spectra of the aluminum intoxicated bone showed significant alteration in the biochemical constituents. The bands ratio at I1400/I877 significantly decreased from control to aluminum, but enhanced it by Al+DFP to Al+DFO+DFP treated bone tissue for treatments of 16 weeks. This result suggests that DFO and DFP are the carbonate inhibitor, recovered from chronic growth of bone diseases and pathologies. The alteration of proteins profile indicated by Amide I and Amide II, where peak area values decreased from control to aluminum respectively, but enhanced by treated with DFP (p.o.) and DFO+DFP (i.p.) respectively. The XRD analysis showed a decrease in crystallinity due to aluminum toxicity. Further, the Ca, Mg, and P contents of the aluminum exposed bone were less than those of the control group, and enhanced by treatments with DFO and DFP. The concentrations of trace elements were found by ICP-OES. Therefore, present study suggests that due to aluminum toxicity severe loss of bone minerals, decrease in the biochemical constituents and changes in the surface morphology.

FT-Raman study of deferoxamine and deferiprone exhibits potent amelioration of structural changes in the liver tissues of mice due to aluminum exposure.

The present study inform the alterations on major biochemical constituents such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and glycogen along with phosphodiester linkages, tryptophan bands, tyrosine doublet, disulfide bridge conformations, aliphatic hydrophobic residue, and salt bridges in liver tissues of mice using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. In amide I, amide II and amide III, the area value significant decrease due structural alteration in the protein, glycogen and triglycerides levels but chelating agents DFP and DFO upturned it. Morphology changes by aluminium induced alterations and recovery by chelating agents within liver tissues known by histopathological examination. Concentrations of trace elements were found by ICP-OES. FT-Raman study was revealed to be in agreement with biochemical studies and demonstrate that it can successfully specify the molecular alteration in liver tissues. The tyrosyl doublet ratio I899/I831 decreases more in aluminum intoxicated tissues but treatment with DFP and DFO+DFP brings back to nearer control value. This indicates more variation in the hydrogen bonding of the phenolic hydroxyl group due to aluminum poisoning. The decreased Raman intensity ratio (I3220/I3400) observed in the aluminum induced tissues suggests a decreased water domain size, which could be interpreted in terms of weaker hydrogen-bonded molecular species of water in the aluminum intoxicated liver tissues. Finally, FT-Raman spectroscopy might be a useful tool for obtained successfully to indicate the molecular level changes.

FTIR study of protective action of deferoxamine and deferiprone on the kidney tissues of aluminum loaded mice.

The present study was designed to evaluate the FTIR spectra of the aluminum exposed kidney tissues and recovered by chelating agents DFO and DFP then showed significant alteration on the major biochemical constituents such as lipids, proteins and glycogen at molecular level. The significant increased in the peak area of glycogen from 0.006±0.001 to 0.187±0.032 may be the interruption of aluminum in the calcium metabolism and the reduced level of calcium. The peak area value of amide A significantly decreased from control (4.931±1.446) to aluminum (1.234±0.052), but improved by DFP and DFO+DFP from 2.658±0.153 to 3.252±0.070 respectively. Amide I and amide II peak area values also decreased from 1.690±0.133 to 0.811±0.192 and 1.158±0.050 to 0.489±0.047 but treated with DFP and DFO+DFP significantly improved. This result suggests an alteration in the protein profile. The absence of Olefinic=CH stretching band, C=O stretching of triglycerides and ring breathing mode in the DNA bases in aluminum exposure kidney suggests an altered lipid levels. Treated with DFP and DFO+DFP mice were considerably increased in lipid peroxidative markers. Further, assessed the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and measured the levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants. Concentrations of trace elements were found by ICP-OES. Histopathology of chelating agents treated kidney showed reduced renal damage in aluminum induced mice. Thus, histopathological findings confirmed the biochemical observations of this study. This results demonstrated that FTIR spectroscopy can be successfully applied to toxicological and biotoxicology studies.

Determination of aluminium induced metabolic changes in mice liver: a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study.

In this study, we made a new approach to evaluate aluminium induced metabolic changes in liver tissue of mice using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis taking one step further in correlation with strong biochemical evidence. This finding reveals the alterations on the major biochemical constituents, such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and glycogen of the liver tissues of mice. The peak area value of amide A significantly decrease from 288.278±3.121 to 189.872±2.012 between control and aluminium treated liver tissue respectively. Amide I and amide II peak area value also decrease from 40.749±2.052 to 21.170±1.311 and 13.167±1.441 to 8.953±0.548 in aluminium treated liver tissue respectively. This result suggests an alteration in the protein profile. The absence of olefinicCH stretching band and CO stretching of triglycerides in aluminium treated liver suggests an altered lipid levels due to aluminium exposure. Significant shift in the peak position of glycogen may be the interruption of aluminium in the calcium metabolism and the reduced level of calcium. The overall findings exhibit that the liver metabolic program is altered through increasing the structural modification in proteins, triglycerides and quantitative alteration in proteins, lipids, and glycogen. All the above mentioned modifications were protected in desferrioxamine treated mice. Histopathological results also revealed impairment of aluminium induced alterations in liver tissue. The results of the FTIR study were found to be in agreement with biochemical studies and which demonstrate FTIR can be used successfully to indicate the molecular level changes.

Bioaccumulations of aluminum and the effects of chelating agents on different organs of Cirrhinus mrigala.

The study of biological indicator organisms may be more informative than analyzing water or sediments for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment. Non-essential elements enter into the animals and accumulate at the different organs so that chelating agents are most versatile and effective antidotes to eliminate the metals toxicities. The aim of our present study is to find out bioaccumulations of aluminum and the effects of chelating agents DFO and DFP in Muscle, gill, kidney, brain and liver tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala by using inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). This study determined that the accumulation pattern of aluminum is muscle > gill > kidney > brain > liver. The present result suggests that DFO and DFP reduce the aluminum concentration in the tissues of C. mrigala fish and both are efficient chelators. Aluminum toxicity is a widespread problem in all forms of life, including humans, animals, fish, plants, and causes wide spread degradation of the environment and health.