Salivary microbiome of an urban Indian cohort and patterns linked to subclinical inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: To profile salivary microbiomes of an urban-living, healthy Indian cohort and explore associations with proinflammatory status. METHODS: Fifty-one clinically healthy Indian subjects' salivary microbiomes were analyzed using 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Community distribution was compared with salivary data from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP). Indian subjects were clustered using microbiome-based "partitioning along medoids" (PAM), and relationships of interleukin-1 beta levels with community composition were analyzed. RESULTS: Indian subjects presented higher phylogenetic diversity than HMP. Several taxa associated with traditional societies gut microbiomes (Bacteroidales, Paraprevotellaceae, and Spirochaetaceae) were raised. Bifidobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae were approximately fourfold greater. A PAM cluster enriched in several Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacilli taxa and having almost twofold higher Prevotella to Bacteroides ratio showed significant overrepresentation of subjects within the highest quartile of salivary interleukin-1 beta levels. Abiotrophia, Anaerobacillus, Micrococcus, Aggregatibacter, Halomonas, Propionivivrio, Paracoccus, Mannhemia, unclassified Bradyrhizobiaceae, and Caulobacteraceae were each significant indicators of presence in the highest interleukin-1 beta quartile. 2 OTUs representing Lactobacillus fermentum and Cardiobacterium hominis significantly correlated with interleukin-1 beta levels. CONCLUSION: The salivary microbiome of this urban-dwelling Indian cohort differed significantly from that of a well-studied Western cohort. Specific community patterns were putatively associated with subclinical inflammation levels.

Expression of nuclear receptors of gingiva in polycystic ovarian syndrome: a preliminary case study.

Oestrogen is mainly responsible for alterations in blood vessels and progesterone stimulates the production of inflammatory mediators. In females, during puberty, ovulation and pregnancy, there is an increase in the production of sex steroid hormones, which results in increased gingival inflammation, characterized by gingival enlargement, increased bleeding and crevicular fluid flow. This article presents a case of a patient who presented with a complaint of gingival swelling and spontaneous bleeding that persisted for more than two months. Her health history documented the recently diagnosed presence of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Clinical examination revealed enlarged painful gingival tissues, which bled when touched. After completion of Phase I therapy, the enlargement did not subside and a biopsy sample was taken. This was compared with another patient who had the same health condition but did not show any gingival enlargement. Testing of tissue samples for oestrogen and progesterone receptors showed the first patient to be positive for oestrogen receptors but negative for progesterone, whereas the control was negative for both. Positive oestrogen receptors suggest that polycystic ovarian syndrome has some effect on the periodontium. The dental consequences of this condition, highly prevalent among young females, are typically ignored. Further studies warrant establishment of a clinical association and future diagnosis.