[Risk factors and protective factors for substance abuse among adolescents].

The article presents a brief descriptive review aimed at identifying risk factors and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents in three important areas - personality, family and society. Individual risk factors are described: high impulsivity, rebelliousness, violation of emotional balance, alexithymia. Family risk factors were prenatal smoking of the mother, and her poor psychological status, low education of parents, the presence of family members who use psychoactive substances. Among the risk factors in society was the presence of peers who abuse drugs in the environment of a teenager. Protective factors are also identified: individual optimism, the desire to preserve their health, etc.

[Some aspects of non-medical use of narcotic substances].

The article presents foreign data on the non-medical use of certain combinations of narcotic drugs, the range of their effects on the body of patients, as well as the development of state response measures and propaganda of the rejection of the use of narcotic drugs among populations at risk. It is noted that the use of narcotic drugs without medical indications is a global public health problem. In addition to the negative impact on health, the use of narcotic drugs aggravates existing mental illnesses, and on the other hand, the presence of mental pathology accelerates the formation of drug addiction.

[Features of the implementation of 12-step treatment programs for Alcoholics Anonymous and other programs for the treatment of alcohol use disorders].

Alcoholism remains an urgent problem, as alcohol-related mortality is approximately 10 times higher than that from all drugs and accounts for 5.1% of the total global burden of disease. The solution to this problem is multifaceted and includes a wide range of medical services. The article on alcohol use disorders provides an overview of one of the largest support programs for people with alcohol dependence - Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). It is noted that the initial AA intervention includes work through social communication and the «12 steps¼ program. Its purpose is to facilitate internal psychological, emotional and spiritual changes that are considered necessary to maintain the status of abstinence from alcohol.