'Lessons learned': A comparative case study analysis of an emergency department response to two burns disasters.

OBJECTIVE: The Royal Perth Hospital (RPH; Perth, Australia) has been the receiving facility for burns patients in two separate disasters. In 2002, RPH received 28 severely injured burns patients after the Bali bombing, and in 2009 RPH received 23 significantly burnt patients as a result of an explosion on board a foreign vessel in the remote Ashmore Reef Islands (840 km west of Darwin). The aim of this paper is to identify the interventions developed following the Bali bombing in 2002 and review their effectiveness of their implementation in the subsequent burns disaster. METHODS: A comparative case study analysis using a standardised approach was used to describe context with debrief reports and ED photographs from both disasters used for evaluation. RESULTS: The implementation of regular ED disaster response planning and training, early Code Brown notification of the entire hospital with regular updates, early clearing of inpatient beds, use of Short Message Service to communicate regularly with ED staff, control of the public and media access to the ED, visual identification of staff within the ED, early panendoscopy to ascertain intubation needs, and senior clinical decision makers in all areas of the ED were all acknowledged as effective based on the debrief reports. There was a reduction in ED length of stay (150 to 55 min) and no deaths occurred; however, quantitative analysis can only be suggestive rather than a direct measure of improvement given the likelihood of other system changes. CONCLUSION: There were a number of lessons observed from the Bali experience in 2002 that have led to improvements in practice and lessons learned.

Too long in the tooth: a descriptive study of adults presenting to a pediatric emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographics, presenting complaints, diagnoses, and disposition of adults presenting to an Australian pediatric emergency department. It was hypothesized that most patients would be younger than 20 years, with low acuity complaints predominantly related to minor injuries resulting in a low admission rate. METHODS: A prospective cohort of new adult patients (age, > or = 16 years) were recruited. Baseline data was recorded for all eligible patients. Consenting patients had provisional diagnoses recorded along with disposition decisions. Patients' records were reviewed at the referral destination to establish the final diagnoses and the admission rate. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients (0.6% of all presentations) presented during the study period. The median age was 17.5 years (interquartile range, 16.3-26.1 years). Thirty-four patients (70.8%) were younger than 20 years (P = 0.003). Seven (14.6%) patients had an Australasian Triage Scale score of 2, and 19 (39.6%) had a score of 3. Injury-related complaints formed the largest proportion of presentations (mean, 37.5%; range, 23.8%-51.2%). Thirty-one patients were enrolled in the study. Twenty (mean, 48.8%; range, 33.5%-64.1%) of the provisional diagnoses in this group were injury-related. Twenty-nine patients (mean, 93.5%; range, 84.9%-100%) were advised to seek further medical attention. Injuries comprised the largest group of final diagnoses (mean, 55.2%; range, 37.1%-73.3%). Five patients (mean, 16.1%; range, 3.2%-29%) were admitted. CONCLUSIONS: Adult presentations were not infrequent. Twenty patients (41.7%) were within 1 year of the age cutoff at Princess Margaret Hospital. Although 45.8% of presentations had a low acuity, the majority of patients had Australasian Triage Scale scores of 2 or 3. The presentations were heterogeneous in nature, with injuries accounting for a large proportion. Most patients were referred for further care, but a minority were not compliant with follow-up instructions. There was a low admission rate.