Effect of fermentation of chosen vegetables on the nutrient, mineral, and biocomponent profile in human and animal nutrition.

In the present study, the dry matter, crude ash, crude protein, ether extract, and energy, macro- (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P), micro- (Zn, Cu, Fe) minerals, heavy metals (Pb, Cd), vitamin C, A, carotene, and phenolic content were determined in chosen raw and fermented vegetables. The dietary intake of several macro- and microconstituents per one serving (100 g or humans and animals: ducks and pigs) was calculated. The fermentation process was found to reduce water and increase fat content in the vegetables. Lower levels of vitamin C and phenols were also found in the fermented vegetables. The vitamin A and carotene content in the fermented carrots and peppers were increased in comparison with the raw vegetables. The fermentation process decreased the concentration of some basic nutrients, mineral content, vitamins C and A, and phenols. Broccoli, peppers, and red beet had the highest levels of the analyzed nutrients and bioconstituents. The fermentation process is regarded by nutritionists as beneficial to human health. The addition of fermented plants is recommended in animal nutrition as well. This process modifies the chemical composition of preserved vegetables, e.g. it reduces the concentration of dietary fiber, and brings favorable effects in poultry and pig nutrition.

Supplementation of Broiler Chicken Feed Mixtures with Micronised Oilseeds and the Effects on Nutrient Contents and Mineral Profiles of Meat and Some Organs, Carcass Composition Parameters, and Health Status.

In this study, we included 15% doses of infrared-irradiated camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds in the diets of broiler chickens (grower and finisher) and focused on assessing the effects on the production traits, selected slaughter analysis parameters, nutrients, and minerals in breast and drumstick meat and some organs, i.e., liver, proventriculus, and heart. In total, 200 one-day-old broiler chickens were assigned randomly to four treatments with five replicate cages of 10 broiler chickens per cage (five females and five males). The experiment lasted 6 weeks. In the group of broiler chickens in which diets were supplemented with micronised camelina and flax seeds, there was an increase in (p < 0.05) breast, thigh, and drumstick weight and a decrease (p < 0.05) in the abdominal fat of the carcasses. The oilseed treatments reduced the ether extract content and the calorific value in the breast and drumstick muscles and organs. The flax seeds contributed to an increase in the contents of Ca (breast muscle and liver), Cu (breast muscle and proventriculus), and Fe (drumstick muscle and heart). Likewise, some blood parameters were influenced by supplementation with infrared-irradiated camelina and flax seeds, for example, there was a decrease in the haemoglobin level and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (p < 0.05). The oilseed treatments also modified the contents of Fe and Ca in the blood plasma of broiler chickens (p < 0.05). It may be concluded that infrared-irradiated camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds can be regarded as good diet components exerting positive effects on the dietary value of poultry meat and organs used in dietetics.

Effect of inclusion of micronized camelina, sunflower, and flax seeds in the broiler chicken diet on performance productivity, nutrient utilization, and intestinal microbial populations.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of micronized full-fat camelina, flax, or sunflower seeds in the diet for broiler chickens on the performance productivity, nutrient utilization, and composition of intestinal microbial populations and to assess the possibility of modification of the resistance of isolated bacteria to chemotherapeutic agents with different mechanisms of action. The use of micronized oilseeds improved the broiler chicken body weight (P = 0.035) and the FCR value (P = 0.045) in the final rearing stage by enhancement of the utilization of total protein and organic matter. Lactobacillus-Enterococcus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. were isolated from small intestinal contents, and Enterobacteriaceae taxa were detected in the cecum and cloaca of the broiler chickens. The addition of micronized camelina seeds (CAM.IR) contributed to an increase in the Bifidobacterium counts in the small intestine, compared with the control treatment (P < 0.050). Escherichia coli bacteria were not isolated only in the CAM.IR treatment. Nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol were the most effective agents against the isolates from the cecum and cloaca in all oilseed treatments, whereas streptomycin exhibited the lowest efficacy. In the CAM.IR and micronized sunflower seed (SUN.IR) treatments, there were higher counts of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains than in the control and micronized flax seed (FLA.IR) treatments (P < 0.05). There was a difference between strains isolated from the cecum and cloaca only in the FLA.IR treatment, i.e., increased tetracycline sensitivity was exhibited by strains isolated from the cloaca (13% vs. 50%), also in comparison with the control treatments (P = 0.054). In comparison with the CAM.IR and control treatments, reduced numbers of multi-resistant strains were found in the cloaca isolates from the for FLA.IR and SUN.IR variants. Micronized camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds can be used as part of an effective nutritional strategy focused on optimization of the efficiency of rearing broiler chickens, as they positively modify intestinal microbial populations and increase bacterial sensitivity to the analyzed chemotherapeutic agents.

Comparative analysis of selected bioactive components (fatty acids, tocopherols, xanthophyll, lycopene, phenols) and basic nutrients in raw and thermally processed camelina, sunflower, and flax seeds (Camelina sativa L. Crantz, Helianthus L., and Linum L.).

The aim of study was to determine the content of basic nutrients, the level of fatty acids, tocopherols, xanthophyll, and lycopene, and the total phenolic content in camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) (Cs), sunflower (Helianthus L.) (Ha), and flax (Linum L.) (Lu) seeds. The seeds were either raw or subjected to processing, i.e. boiling, micronization, or microwave roasting. The basic chemical composition was established and the fatty acid composition as well as the content of tocopherol (α, ß, γ, δ, total), ß-carotenoids, xanthophyll, lycopene, and total phenolics were determined in the analyzed oil seeds. The analyzed oil seeds are a rich source of protein and PUFAs as well as α-tocopherols (Ha) and γ-tocopherols (Cs, Lu), xanthophyll, and phenolics One portion of seeds covered from 746/513 (Cs) to as much as 1209/813% (Lu) (female/male) of the ALA daily intake. The AI value in the processed seeds increased (P < 0.05) and the values of H/H and HC declined (P < 0.05). The oil seed processing resulted in loss of most nutrients and bioactive constituents and appearance of some amounts of trans isomers, especially in the microwave roasted seeds (0.99-1.79 g/100 g crude lipid). The phenolic content decreased in the boiled seeds (Ha: 1301; Cs: 578.3, and Lu: 62.75 mg/100 g).

Content of Minerals and Fatty Acids and Their Correlation with Phytochemical Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Leguminous Seeds.

The aim of the study was to determine the mineral composition and fatty acid profile in the seeds of selected Fabaceae species and cultivars and to assess their correlations with phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. The Andean lupine was characterised by a particularly high level of Mg and K as well as Cu, Zn, and Fe (P < 0.05). There were various correlations (P < 0.05) between the total phenols and tannins and these elements. The highest contribution of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3, n-3) in total fatty acids was noted in the lentil (13.8 in 100 g-1 fat), common bean (11.9 in 100 g-1 fat), and pea seeds (10.4 in 100 g-1 fat) (P = 0.028). In turn, the white lupine contained the highest content of ALA-0.67 g 100 g-1 seeds; its lowest level was determined in the broad bean-0.03 g 100 g-1 seeds. The seeds exhibited a high proportion of hypocholesterolemic fatty acids (on average 86%). The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antiradical activity was positively correlated with UFA and PUFA (P < 0.05). This indicates great protective potential of legume seeds for prevention and treatment of diet-dependent diseases.