Time-related cognitive deficiency in four different types of depression.

Mild cognitive impairment often occurs in depressive illness. But it is unknown whether the occurrence or severity of cognitive deficits has diagnostic specificity. It is of interest to investigate whether there are time-related differences in cognitive functions characteristic of different kinds of depressive diagnoses, and therefore whether such differences might help to distinguish between types of depressive disorder. Eighty inpatients with a DSM-IV depressive episode (unipolar, bipolar, dysthymic and schizoaffective disorder, depressive type) were assessed with a series of neuropsychological tests at the beginning and at the end of their hospital stays. A group of 62 matched healthy controls were assessed with the same series of tests at comparable intervals. The diagnostic sub-groups could not be distinguished by cognitive parameters in the time-course. At the time of admission the inpatient group had a worse performance than the control group. After a significant decrease of their mean depression score, the patients still continued to show an outcome worse than the controls. We conclude that the variation of cognitive dysfunction with time in depression seems to be a phenomenon which does not depend on the kind of depressive sub-diagnosis. The results indicate that cognitive deficits might persist longer than the period of illness, but this seems to be true for all depressive sub-diagnoses.

Subjective response to and tolerability of long-term supraphysiological doses of levothyroxine in refractory mood disorders.

BACKGROUND: Although supplementation with supraphysiological doses of levothyroxine (T4) has been an effective treatment for refractory affective disorders in open studies, questions remain as to the tolerability of this treatment. This is the first study to investigate subjective patient response and tolerability to long-term treatment with adjunctive T4. METHODS: Of 24 patients with refractory affective disorders or schizoaffective disorder who were consecutively included into an open trial with supraphysiological T4, 16 were eligible for this study. Four measures were used to rate tolerability to T4 treatment. Subjective response was graded on a scale ranging from -33 (maximal negative response) to +33 (maximal positive response). Positive and negative effects were assessed on a structured questionnaire. Clinical tolerance was assessed with the clinician-rated Thyroid Symptom List and the self-rated Von Zerssen Complaint Lists. Outcome was assessed with the CGI for prophylactic ratings (CGI-BP). RESULTS: At the time of assessment, patients had been treated with supraphysiological T4 (mean dose 368 microg/d) for a mean of 54 months. The total subjective response score was +25.2. Positive subjective response and observer-rated treatment success were moderately correlated. Ratings on the Thyroid Symptom List indicated an overall favorable side effect profile. General physical and mental symptoms were only slightly higher than in the general population. LIMITATIONS: This was an open, cross-sectional study that only included responders and partial responders to T4 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Subjective response and side-effect tolerability of long-term supraphysiological doses of T4 is favorable in patients with refractory mood and schizoaffective disorders who respond to the intervention.