RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a vascular condition characterized by anomalies of the main extracranial cerebrospinal venous routes that interfere with normal venous outflow. Research into CCSVI will determine its sensitivity and specificity for a diagnosis of MS, its prevalence in MS patients, and its clinical, MRI, and genetic correlates. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence and number of intra- and extraluminal structural and functional extracranial venous abnormalities by using DS and MRV, in patients with MS and HCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty patients with MS, 104 (69.3%) with RR and 46 (30.7%) with a progressive MS course, and 63 age- and sex-matched HCs were scanned with 3T MR imaging by using TOF and TRICKS sequences (only patients with MS). All subjects underwent DS examination for intra- and extraluminal structural and functional abnormalities of the IJVs. Absent/pinpoint IJV flow morphology on MRV was considered an abnormal finding. Prominence of collateral extracranial veins was assessed with MRV. RESULTS: Patients with MS had a significantly higher number of functional (P < .0001), total (P = .001), and intraluminal (P = .005) structural IJV DS abnormalities than HCs. There was a trend for more patients with MS with extraluminal IJV DS abnormalities (P = .023). No significant differences were found on the MRV IJV flow morphology scale between patients with MS and HCs. Patients with progressive MS showed more extraluminal IJV DS abnormalities (P = .01) and more MRV flow abnormalities on TOF (P = .006) and TRICKS (P = .01) than patients with nonprogressive MS. There was a trend for a higher number of collateral veins in patients with MS than in HCs (P = .016). CONCLUSIONS: DS is more sensitive than MRV in detecting intraluminal structural and functional venous abnormalities in patients with MS compared with HCs, whereas MRV is more sensitive in showing collaterals.
Assuntos
Veias Cerebrais/anormalidades , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Esclerose Múltipla/diagnóstico , Medula Espinal/irrigação sanguínea , Ultrassonografia Doppler/métodos , Insuficiência Venosa/diagnóstico , Adulto , Veias Cerebrais/diagnóstico por imagem , Veias Cerebrais/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Esclerose Múltipla/complicações , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Insuficiência Venosa/complicaçõesRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate whether a combination of Doppler sonography (DS) and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) on 3T MRI increases specificity for detection of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in 171 (113 relapsing-remitting, 47 secondary-progressive, 11 primary progressive) patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 79 age- and sex matched healthy controls (HCs). One hundred ten (64.3%) MS patients and 30 (38%) HCs presented ≥2 venous hemodynamic CCSVI criteria (p<.0001). Both DS and MRV showed relatively high specificity but lower sensitivity for determining a CCSVI diagnosis in patients with MS vs HCs and between MS subgroups. In MS patients this diagnostic specificity increased to over 90% by combining internal jugular vein and vertebral vein abnormal DS and MRV findings, reflux in deep cerebral veins and MRV findings of >1 collateral veins. This study suggests that a multimodal non-invasive approach (DS and MRV) increases the specificity for a diagnosis of CCSVI in patients with MS.
Assuntos
Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/diagnóstico , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Programas de Rastreamento/normas , Esclerose Múltipla Crônica Progressiva/complicações , Esclerose Múltipla Recidivante-Remitente/complicações , Insuficiência Venosa/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/complicações , Doença Crônica , Feminino , Humanos , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/normas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Flebografia/métodos , Flebografia/normas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Ultrassonografia Doppler/métodos , Ultrassonografia Doppler/normas , Insuficiência Venosa/complicações , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of a parent-focused behavioral intervention on parent and child eating changes and on percentage of overweight changes in families that contain at least one obese parent and a non-obese child. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Families with obese parents and non-obese children were randomized to groups in which parents were provided a comprehensive behavioral weight-control program and were encouraged to increase fruit and vegetable intake or decrease intake of high-fat/high-sugar foods. Child materials targeted the same dietary changes as their parents without caloric restriction. RESULTS: Changes over 1 year showed that treatment influenced targeted parent and child fruit and vegetable intake and high-fat/high-sugar intake, with the Increase Fruit and Vegetable group also decreasing their consumption of high-fat/high-sugar foods. Parents in the increased fruit and vegetable group showed significantly greater decreases in percentage of overweight than parents in the decreased high-fat/high-sugar group. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that focusing on increasing intake of healthy foods may be a useful approach for nutritional change in obese parents and their children.
Assuntos
Ciências da Nutrição Infantil/educação , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Sacarose Alimentar/administração & dosagem , Frutas , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Verduras , Adulto , Criança , Dieta Redutora , Família , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Family-based, behavioral treatment has been shown to be an effective intervention for the management of pediatric obesity. The goal of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of two protocols for the delivery of family-based behavioral treatment. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Thirty-one families with obese children were randomized to groups in which families were provided mixed treatment incorporating both group and individualized treatment vs group treatment only. Cost-effectiveness of treatment was defined as the magnitude of reduction in standardized BMI and percentage overweight per dollar spent for recruitment and treatment. Anthropometric data were assessed at baseline, 6 months and 12 months post-randomization. RESULTS: Results for the 24 families with complete data showed the group intervention was significantly more cost-effective than the mixed treatment. This was due to the similarity between the two groups in Z-BMI or percentage overweight change for children and their parents, while the mixed treatment was significantly more expensive to deliver than the group treatment. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that a family-based, behavioral intervention employing group treatment alone is a more cost-effective approach to treating pediatric obesity than a mixed group plus individual format.
Assuntos
Terapia Comportamental/economia , Dieta Redutora/economia , Obesidade/terapia , Adulto , Antropometria , Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Criança , Custos e Análise de Custo , Exercício Físico , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/economia , Obesidade/psicologia , Psicoterapia de Grupo/economia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Redução de PesoRESUMO
This study examined whether the relative reinforcing value of physical activity (RRVPA) measured in the laboratory predicted physical activity measured in the natural environment in 32 6-11-year-old children. RRVPA correlated with physical activity level (r = .42, p < .05), and contributed to the prediction of physical activity level along with child obesity. RRVPA was related to the number of moderate to vigorous physical activity exercise bouts (r = .35, p < .05), not to the duration of those bouts. These results suggest that RRVPA is a determinant of child physical activity level, and that it may be naturally more reinforcing for children to engage in multiple, short exercise bouts than fewer, more extended bouts.