Cerebrospinal fluid cannot be used to distinguish inflammatory myelitis from congestive myelopathy due to spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: case series.

Patients with congestive myelopathy due to spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) typically present with progressive sensory and motor disturbance in association with sphincter dysfunction. Spinal MRI usually shows longitudinally extensive T2 signal change. Here, we report four patients with progressive myelopathy due to SDAVF who also presented with findings on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination suggestive of an inflammatory aetiology. Such CSF findings in SDAVF are important to recognise, to avoid the erroneous diagnosis of an inflammatory myelitis and inappropriate treatment with immunosuppression. SDAVF can be difficult to detect and may require repeated investigation, with formal angiography as the gold standard.

Preventing oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity: rationale and design of phase Ib randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trials for early clinical evaluation of investigational therapeutics.

INTRODUCTION: Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy has become the standard treatment for colorectal cancer and other gastrointestinal tumor types. Oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity is a major treatment-limiting side effect that compromizes the delivery of cancer treatment and causes long-standing neurological deficits that negatively impact upon patient quality of life Areas covered: The prevention of oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity represents an important opportunity for new therapeutic product development to address this major unmet medical need. In this article, we describe a phase Ib clinical trial design, and study procedures and protocols, that we have developed and now propose for the early clinical evaluation of investigational therapeutics for preventing oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity. Expert opinion: Recently, several advances have been made in the development of research methodologies applicable to the clinical evaluation of investigational drugs for preventing oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity. As we gain better understanding of the mechanisms of oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity, we will be able to use these methods to develop and test more effective and targeted neuroprotective agents that may not only improve patients' quality of life but also improve treatment delivery and survival outcomes.

Optical coherence tomography findings in Huntington's disease: a potential biomarker of disease progression.

Previous reports of ocular abnormalities in Huntington's disease (HD) have detailed eye movement disorders. The objective of this case-control study was to investigate optic nerve and macular morphology in HD using optical coherence tomography (OCT). A total of 26 HD patients and 29 controls underwent a thorough ophthalmic examination including spectral domain OCT scans of the macula and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL). Genetic testing results, disease duration, HD disease burden scores and Unified HD Rating Scale motor scores were acquired for HD patients. Temporal RNFL thickness was significantly reduced in the HD group (62.3 vs. 69.8 µm, p = 0.005), and there was a significant negative correlation between temporal RNFL thickness and disease duration (R (2) = -0.51, p = 0.04). Average peripapillary RNFL thickness was not significantly different between the HD and control groups. There was a significant negative correlation between macular volume and disease duration (R (2) = -0.71, p = 0.002), and motor scores (R (2) = -0.56, p = 0.01). Colour vision was significantly poorer in the HD group. Temporal RNFL is preferentially thinned in HD patients, possibly implicating mitochondrial dysfunction as the temporal RNFL is reduced in the patients with some mitochondrial disorders, including Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. The correlation between the decrease in macular volume and temporal RNFL, and increasing disease severity suggests that OCT may be a useful biomarker for disease progression in HD. Larger, longitudinal studies are required.

Reversible hypertensive encephalomyelopathy - the spinal variant of the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is characterised clinically by encephalopathy, headache, visual disturbance and/or focal neurological symptoms. Bilateral cerebral oedema on T2 MRI sequences within the posterior cerebral white matter is the radiological hallmark, although involvement of the frontal lobe, basal ganglia and brainstem can occur. PRES with spinal cord involvement has been rarely reported and is under-recognised due to lack of myelopathic features in nearly half of the reported cases. We report a patient with PRES with spinal cord involvement and review the literature.

Autonomic dysfunction is a major feature of cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia 'CANVAS' syndrome.

Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is a recently recognized neurodegenerative ganglionopathy. Prompted by the presence of symptomatic postural hypotension in two patients with CANVAS, we hypothesized that autonomic dysfunction may be an associated feature of the syndrome. We assessed symptoms of autonomic dysfunction and performed autonomic nervous system testing among 26 patients from New Zealand. After excluding three patients with diabetes mellitus, 83% had evidence of autonomic dysfunction; all patients had at least one autonomic symptom and 91% had more than two symptoms. We also found a higher rate of downbeat nystagmus (65%) than previously described in CANVAS. We confirmed that sensory findings on nerve conduction tests were consistent with a sensory ganglionopathy and describe two patients with loss of trigeminal sensation consistent with previous pathological descriptions of trigeminal sensory ganglionopathy. Our results suggest that autonomic dysfunction is a major feature of CANVAS. This has implications for the management of patients with CANVAS as the autonomic symptoms may be amenable to treatment. The findings also provide an important differential diagnosis from multiple system atrophy for patients who present with ataxia and autonomic failure.

Phase I drug-interaction study of effects of calcium and magnesium infusions on oxaliplatin pharmacokinetics and acute neurotoxicity in colorectal cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Calcium and magnesium (Ca/Mg) infusions have been suggested as an effective intervention for preventing oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity, but the effects of Ca/Mg infusions on oxaliplatin pharmacokinetics, motor nerve hyperexcitability and acute neurotoxicity symptoms are unclear. METHODS: In this double blind crossover study, colorectal cancer patients undergoing oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy were randomised to receive Ca/Mg (1g Ca Gluconate plus 1g MgSO4) on cycle 1 and placebo (vehicle alone) on cycle 2, or to receive the same treatments in the opposite sequence. Study endpoints included plasma pharmacokinetics of intact oxaliplatin and free platinum; electromyography (EMG) detection of abnormal spontaneous high-frequency motor unit action potential discharges; and patient-reported acute neurotoxicity symptoms and their preferred study treatment for reducing these symptoms. RESULTS: Nineteen of 20 enrolled patients completed the study. Plasma pharmacokinetics of intact oxaliplatin and free platinum were similar when oxaliplatin was given with Ca/Mg or placebo (ratio of geometric means of AUC0-t with Ca/Mg or placebo: intact oxaliplatin, 0.95 (90% CI, 0.90 - 1.01); free platinum, 0.99 (90% CI, 0.94 - 1.05)). EMG motor nerve hyperexcitability scores were similar with Ca/Mg and placebo (mean difference in EMG score between Ca/Mg and placebo: -0.3 (95% CI, -2.2 - 1.6)). Patient-reported acute neurotoxicity symptoms were similar in frequency with Ca/Mg and placebo. For reducing neurotoxic symptoms, fewer patients preferred Ca/Mg than placebo or neither treatment (26% versus 74%; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Ca/Mg infusions do not alter the clinical pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin and do not seem to reduce its acute neurotoxicity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registration identifier ACTRN12611000738921.

Infrequent SCN9A mutations in congenital insensitivity to pain and erythromelalgia.

OBJECTIVE: Mutations in SCN9A have been reported in (1) congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP); (2) primary erythromelalgia; (3) paroxysmal extreme pain disorder; (4) febrile seizures and recently (5) small fibre sensory neuropathy. We sought to investigate for SCN9A mutations in a clinically well-characterised cohort of patients with CIP and erythromelalgia. METHODS: We sequenced all exons of SCN9A in 19 clinically well-studied cases including 6 CIP and 13 erythromelalgia (9 with family history, 10 with small-fibre neuropathy). The identified variants were assessed in dbSNP135, 1K genome, NHLBI-Exome Sequencing Project (5400-exomes) databases, and 768 normal chromosomes. RESULTS: In erythromelalgia case 7, we identified a novel Q10>K mutation. In CIP case 6, we identified a novel, de novo splicing mutation (IVS8-2A>G); this splicing mutation compounded with a nonsense mutation (R523>X) and abolished SCN9A mRNA expression almost completely compared with his unaffected father. In CIP case 5, we found a variant (P610>T) previously considered causal for erythromelalgia, supporting recently raised doubt on its causal nature. We also found a splicing junction variant (IVS24-7delGTTT) in all 19 patients, this splicing variant was previously considered casual for CIP, but IVS24-7delGTTT was in fact the major allele in Caucasian populations. CONCLUSIONS: Two novel SCN9A mutations were identified, but frequently polymorphism variants are found which may provide susceptibility factors in pain modulation. CIP and erythromelalgia are defined as genetically heterogeneous, and some SCN9A variants previously considered causal may only be modifying factors.