Does economic policy uncertainty drive outbound tourism expenditures in 20 selected destinations?

Across several destinations, tourism receipts and the aspects of tourism industry has continued to influence the quality of life of the people as well contributing to the national development and sustainable growth. However, the uncertainties and risks experienced in the tourism industry and other economy sectors have remained the drawback of most economies and destinations. As such, the panel of 20 selected destinations is investigated via the common correlated effect method to examine the nexus of economic policy uncertainty and tourism development over the period 2001-2017. Interestingly, the result established a long term relationship between the economic policy uncertainty index and outbound tourism expenditures. Specifically, the finding revealed that outbound tourism expenditures are affected negatively by the rise of uncertainty in economic policies, thus suggesting instability of economic-related policy is the bane of tourism development in the destinations. This result stands to have important policy guide for especially for tourism-related activities in the panel of 20 selected countries.

Air quality measurements in four sheep barns part II: pollutant gas emissions.

Pollutant gas emissions from animal barns affect indoor air quality, the health and well-being of farmers, and the surrounding environment. This study was carried out in four sheep barns (SB) in Bursa, an important region for animal husbandry operations. Concentrations of NH3, CO2, H2S, and CH4 were measured in four sheep barns by monitoring throughout 24 h in 1 year. Pollutant gas emissions from barns were also calculated and modeled. The average pollutant gas emissions obtained in this study were 5 kg day-1 barn-1 for NH3, and 18 kg day-1 barn-1 for CH4. The average NH3 and CH4 emissions from each barn were 2.1 and 2.7 kg day-1 barn-1 for SB1; 9.4 and 12.9 kg day-1 barn-1 for SB2; 4.0 and 3.6 kg day-1 barn-1 for SB3; and 4.5 21 kg day-1 barn-1 for SB4, respectively. There are statistically significant differences between daytime and nighttime for pollutant gas emissions. Pollutant gas emissions in the monitored barns are generally higher in summer than in other seasons. Models for estimating NH3, and CH4 emissions were developed using measured temperature and relative humidity values in the barns. These models can only be used in the Bursa region. The results of this study were compared with other studies under similar conditions in the literature.

Ammonia and carbon dioxide concentrations in a layer house.

Higher concentrations of ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in animal barns can negatively affect production and health of animals and workers. This paper focuses on measurements of summer concentrations of ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in a naturally ventilated laying henhouse located at an egg production facility in Bursa region, western Turkey. Also, indoor and ambient environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity were measured simultaneously with pollutant gas concentrations. The average NH3 concentrations during summer of 2013 was 8.05 ppm for exhaust and 5.42 ppm for inlet while average CO2 concentration was 732 ppm for exhaust and 625 ppm for inlet throughout summer. The overall minimum, average and maximum values and humidity were obtained as 16.8°C, 24.72°C, and 34.71°C for indoor temperature and 33.64%, 63.71%, and 86.18% for relative humidity. The lowest exhaust concentrations for NH3 and CO2 were 6.98 ppm and 609 ppm, respectively. They were measured in early morning at the maximum diurnal ventilation rate in July 2013 and August 2013. The highest concentrations were 10.58 ppm for NH3 and 904 ppm for CO2 recorded in the afternoon when the ventilation rate was the lowest in June 2013.

Estimation of minimum ventilation requirement of dairy cattle barns for different outdoor temperature and its affects on indoor temperature: Bursa case.

In the study, 10 different dairy cattle barns with natural ventilation system were investigated in terms of structural aspects. VENTGRAPH software package was used to estimate minimum ventilation requirements for three different outdoor design temperatures (-3, 0 and 1.7 degrees C). Variation in indoor temperatures was also determined according to the above-mentioned conditions. In the investigated dairy cattle barns, on condition that minimum ventilation requirement to be achieved for -3, 0 and 1.7 degrees C outdoor design temperature and 70, 80% Indoor Relative Humidity (IRH), estimated indoor temperature were ranged from 2.2 to 12.2 degrees C for 70% IRH, 4.3 to 15.0 degrees C for 80% IRH. Barn type, outdoor design temperature and indoor relative humidity significantly (p < 0.01) affect the indoor temperature. The highest ventilation requirement was calculated for straw yard (13879 m3 h(-1)) while the lowest was estimated for tie-stall (6169.20 m3 h(-1)). Estimated minimum ventilation requirements per animal were significantly (p < 0.01) different according to the barn types. Effect of outdoor esign temperatures on minimum ventilation requirements and minimum ventilation requirements per animal was found to be significant (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Estimated indoor temperatures were in thermoneutral zone (-2 to 20 degrees C). Therefore, one can be said that use of naturally ventilated cold dairy barns in the region will not lead to problems associated with animal comfort in winter.