Achievable outcomes in the management of proximal cholangiocarcinoma: an update prepared using "evidence-based practice" techniques.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to evaluate recently reported outcomes for treatment options for proximal cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standard evidence based practice techniques were used to formulate a question, search, appraise and evaluate the retrieved literature. Our question was "In patients with CCA, how do stenting alone, stenting in addition to brachytherapy (BT) or photodynamic therapy (PDT), resection and orthotopic liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation (OLT) compare for long-term survival? RESULTS: Level 1b survival data was available for stenting alone (179 days), BT and metal stenting (388 days) and PDT with plastic stenting (493 days) and no survival difference was evident with metal vs. plastic stenting or unilateral vs. bilateral stenting. Five year survival data (level 3) was available for OLT (80%), formally curative trisegmentectomy with or without portal vein resection (72% and 52%) and hepatectomy (18%-23%). CONCLUSION: All patients with proximal CCA should be reviewed by a multidisciplinary team to determine appropriate treatment. For unresectable CCA, patients should be assessed for OLT with neoadjuvant chemoradiation, while those who are unsuitable would appear to have the longest survival with PDT. Extended resection in operable candidates may improve survival over right or left hepatectomy but increased perioperative mortality is a consideration.

Does a full bladder aid upper tract visualization in magnetic resonance urography?

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a full bladder improved the visualization of the upper renal tract during magnetic resonance urography (MRU). Twenty volunteers were recruited into the study. The MRU imaging was carried out on a 1.5-T MR system. Imaging was carried out in the coronal plane using a half-Fourier acquired single-shot turbo-spin-echo technique. All volunteers were examined in two separate MRU studies to visualize the urinary tract. The first study was carried out with a 'full' bladder followed by a study with an 'empty' bladder, leading to a total of 40 examinations. Two radiologists then reviewed maximum intensity projection images from both 'full' and 'empty' studies independently. Both left and right upper tracts were divided into five segments. A three-point grading system was used to evaluate visualization. Excellent visualization = 3, good visualization = 2 and poor visualization = 1. Maximum score per patient was 30. Results were tabulated and analysed using an Excel database. The average score for visualization for the 'full' bladder group was 22.1/30 (73.8%) and the average score for the empty bladder was 16.2/30 (54%). Overall improvement in visualization was 5.9/30 (19.8%). There was strong interobserver agreement, with a concordance value of 92.5%. The MRU carried out in healthy young adult volunteers with a full bladder allows improved visualization of the upper tracts.