Model-based estimation of individual-level social determinants of health and its applications in All of Us.

OBJECTIVES: We introduce a widely applicable model-based approach for estimating individual-level Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) and evaluate its effectiveness using the All of Us Research Program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our approach utilizes aggregated SDoH datasets to estimate individual-level SDoH, demonstrated with examples of no high school diploma (NOHSDP) and no health insurance (UNINSUR) variables. Models are estimated using American Community Survey data and applied to derive individual-level estimates for All of Us participants. We assess concordance between model-based SDoH estimates and self-reported SDoHs in All of Us and examine associations with undiagnosed hypertension and diabetes. RESULTS: Compared to self-reported SDoHs, the area under the curve for NOHSDP is 0.727 (95% CI, 0.724-0.730) and for UNINSUR is 0.730 (95% CI, 0.727-0.733) among the 329 074 All of Us participants, both significantly higher than aggregated SDoHs. The association between model-based NOHSDP and undiagnosed hypertension is concordant with those estimated using self-reported NOHSDP, with a correlation coefficient of 0.649. Similarly, the association between model-based NOHSDP and undiagnosed diabetes is concordant with those estimated using self-reported NOHSDP, with a correlation coefficient of 0.900. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The model-based SDoH estimation method offers a scalable and easily standardized approach for estimating individual-level SDoHs. Using the All of Us dataset, we demonstrate reasonable concordance between model-based SDoH estimates and self-reported SDoHs, along with consistent associations with health outcomes. Our findings also underscore the critical role of geographic contexts in SDoH estimation and in evaluating the association between SDoHs and health outcomes.

Generation of Alzheimer's Disease Model Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells with APP Gene Mutation.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is characterized by disruptions in memory, cognition, and personality, significantly impacting morbidity and mortality rates among older adults. However, the exact pathophysiological mechanism of AD remains unknown, and effective treatment options for AD are still lacking. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are emerging as promising platforms for disease research, offering the ability to model the genetic mutations associated with various conditions. Patient-derived iPSCs are useful for modeling neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this study, we generated AD iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from a 65-year-old patient with AD carrying the E682K mutation in the gene encoding the amyloid precursor protein. Cerebral organoids derived from AD iPSCs recapitulated the AD phenotype, exhibiting significantly increased levels of tau protein. Our analysis revealed that an iPSC disease model of AD is a valuable assessment tool for pathophysiological research and drug screening.

Effect of the alveolar recruitment maneuver during laparoscopic colorectal surgery on postoperative pulmonary complications: A randomized controlled trial.

Intraoperative lung-protective ventilation, including low tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure, reduces postoperative pulmonary complications. However, the effect and specific alveolar recruitment maneuver method are controversial. We investigated whether the intraoperative intermittent recruitment maneuver further reduced postoperative pulmonary complications while using a lung-protective ventilation strategy. Adult patients undergoing elective laparoscopic colorectal surgery were randomly allocated to the recruitment or control groups. Intraoperative ventilation was adjusted to maintain a tidal volume of 6-8 mL kg-1 and positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cmH2O in both groups. The alveolar recruitment maneuver was applied at three time points (at the start and end of the pneumoperitoneum, and immediately before extubation) by maintaining a continuous pressure of 30 cmH2O for 30 s in the recruitment group. Clinical and radiological evidence of postoperative pulmonary complications was investigated within 7 days postoperatively. A total of 125 patients were included in the analysis. The overall incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications was not significantly different between the recruitment and control groups (28.1% vs. 31.1%, P = 0.711), while the mean ±â€…standard deviation intraoperative peak inspiratory pressure was significantly lower in the recruitment group (10.7 ±â€…3.2 vs. 13.5 ±â€…3.0 cmH2O at the time of CO2 gas-out, P < 0.001; 9.8 ±â€…2.3 vs. 12.5 ±â€…3.0 cmH2O at the time of recovery, P < 0.001). The alveolar recruitment maneuver with a pressure of 30 cmH2O for 30 s did not further reduce postoperative pulmonary complications when a low tidal volume and 5 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure were applied to patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery and was not associated with any significant adverse events. However, the alveolar recruitment maneuver significantly reduced intraoperative peak inspiratory pressure. Further study is needed to validate the beneficial effect of the alveolar recruitment maneuver in patients at increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03681236).

Risk of cardiovascular disease associated with long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in ankylosing spondylitis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk of cardiovascular disease associated with long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in a large real-world ankylosing spondylitis (AS) cohort. METHODS: This nationwide population-based cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Database. Patients aged ≥18 years old who were newly diagnosed with AS without prior cardiovascular disease between January 2010 and December 2018 were included in this study. Controls without AS were randomly selected by age, sex, and index year. The primary outcome was cardiovascular disease, a composite outcome of ischemic heart disease, stroke, or congestive heart failure. Long-term use of NSAIDs was defined as use of NSAIDs for >365 cumulative defined daily doses. The association between long-term use of NSAIDs and incident cardiovascular disease was examined in both AS and non-AS populations. RESULTS: Among 19 775 patients with AS and 59 325 matched controls without AS, there were 1,663 and 4,308 incident cases of cardiovascular disease, showing an incidence of 16.9 and 13.8 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Long-term use of NSAIDs was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in non-AS controls (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.64; 95% CI, 1.48-1.82). In contrast, long-term use of NSAIDs did not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in AS patients (aHR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.94-1.20; adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, body mass index, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitor use). CONCLUSION: Prolonged NSAID treatment in AS patients may not be as harmful as in the general population regarding cardiovascular risk.

Development of a Gene-Based Soybean-Origin Discrimination Method Using Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction.

A low soybean self-sufficiency rate in South Korea has caused a high import dependence and considerable price variation between domestic and foreign soybeans, causing the false labeling of foreign soybeans as domestic. Conventional soybean origin discrimination methods prevent a single-grain analysis and rely on the presence or absence of several compounds or concentration differences. This limits the origin discrimination of mixed samples, demonstrating the need for a method that analyzes individual grains. Therefore, we developed a method for origin discrimination using genetic analysis. The whole-genome sequencing data of the Williams 82 reference cultivar and 15 soybean varieties cultivated in South Korea were analyzed to identify the dense variation blocks (dVBs) with a high single-nucleotide polymorphism density. The PCR primers were prepared and validated for the insertion-deletion (InDel) sequences of the dVBs to discriminate each soybean variety. Our method effectively discriminated domestic and foreign soybean varieties, eliminating their false labeling.

Glucocorticoids Impair the 7α-Hydroxycholesterol-Enhanced Innate Immune Response.

Glucocorticoids suppress the vascular inflammation that occurs under hypercholesterolemia, as demonstrated in an animal model fed a high-cholesterol diet. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects remain poorly understood. Because cholesterol is oxidized to form cholesterol oxides (oxysterols) that are capable of inducing inflammation, we investigated whether glucocorticoids affect the immune responses evoked by 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7αOHChol). The treatment of human THP-1 monocytic cells with dexamethasone (Dex) and prednisolone (Pdn) downregulated the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as TLR6 and CD14, and diminished 7αOHChol-enhanced response to FSL-1, a TLR2/6 ligand, and lipopolysaccharide, which interacts with CD14 to initiate immune responses, as determined by the reduced secretion of IL-23 and CCL2, respectively. Glucocorticoids weakened the 7αOHChol-induced production of CCL2 and CCR5 ligands, which was accompanied by decreased migration of monocytic cells and CCR5-expressing Jurkat T cells. Treatment with Dex or Pdn also reduced the phosphorylation of the Akt-1 Src, ERK1/2, and p65 subunits. These results indicate that both Dex and Pdn impair the expression of PRRs and their downstream products, chemokine production, and phosphorylation of signaling molecules. Collectively, glucocorticoids suppress the innate immune response and activation of monocytic cells to an inflammatory phenotype enhanced or induced by 7αOHChol, which may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects in hypercholesterolemic conditions.

Specialty impact on residents' perceived quality of life, stress, and job satisfaction: a comparative study.

Purpose: Specialty choice in residency training has a significant impact on an individual's career and satisfaction, as well as the supply-demand imbalance in the healthcare system. The current study aimed to investigate the quality of life (QOL), stress, self-confidence, and job satisfaction of residents, and to explore factors associated with such variables, including postgraduate year, sex, and especially specialty, through a cross-sectional survey. Methods: An online survey was administered to residents at 2 affiliated teaching hospitals. The survey had a total of 46 items encompassing overall residency life such as workload, QOL, stress, confidence, relationship, harassment, and satisfaction. Related survey items were then reconstructed into 4 key categories through exploratory factor analysis for comparison according to group classification. Results: The weekly work hours of residents in vital and other specialties were similar, but residents in vital specialties had significantly more on-call days per month. Residents in vital specialties had significantly lower scores for QOL and satisfaction. Specifically, vital-surgical residents had significantly lower QOL scores and higher stress scores than the other specialty groups. Satisfaction scores were also lowest among vital-surgical residents, with a marginal difference from vital-medical, and a significant difference from other-surgical residents. Female residents had significantly lower satisfaction scores than their male counterparts. Conclusion: Residents in vital specialties, particularly vital-surgical specialties, experience significantly worse working conditions across multiple dimensions. It is necessary to improve not only the quantity but also the quality of the system in terms of resource allocation and prioritization.

Dietary potassium stimulates Ppp1Ca-Ppp1r1a dephosphorylation of kidney NaCl cotransporter and reduces blood pressure.

Consumption of low dietary potassium, common with ultraprocessed foods, activates the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) via the with no (K) lysine kinase/STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (WNK/SPAK) pathway to induce salt retention and elevate blood pressure (BP). However, it remains unclear how high-potassium "DASH-like" diets (dietary approaches to stop hypertension) inactivate the cotransporter and whether this decreases BP. A transcriptomics screen identified Ppp1Ca, encoding PP1A, as a potassium-upregulated gene, and its negative regulator Ppp1r1a, as a potassium-suppressed gene in the kidney. PP1A directly binds to and dephosphorylates NCC when extracellular potassium is elevated. Using mice genetically engineered to constitutively activate the NCC-regulatory kinase SPAK and thereby eliminate the effects of the WNK/SPAK kinase cascade, we confirmed that PP1A dephosphorylated NCC directly in a potassium-regulated manner. Prior adaptation to a high-potassium diet was required to maximally dephosphorylate NCC and lower BP in constitutively active SPAK mice, and this was associated with potassium-dependent suppression of Ppp1r1a and dephosphorylation of its cognate protein, inhibitory subunit 1 (I1). In conclusion, potassium-dependent activation of PP1A and inhibition of I1 drove NCC dephosphorylation, providing a mechanism to explain how high dietary K+ lowers BP. Shifting signaling of PP1A in favor of activation of WNK/SPAK may provide an improved therapeutic approach for treating salt-sensitive hypertension.

Clinical effectiveness of decoction form of herbal medicine in primary care treatment of allergic rhinitis: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: The decoction form of herbal medicine (D-HM) is mainly prescribed to patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) in Korean Medicine (KM) clinics in the Republic of Korea; however, it is difficult to conduct clinical trials of D-HM due to regulatory issues. This study investigated the clinical safety and effectiveness of D-HM combination therapy for the treatment of AR by analyzing the AR outpatient data from 17 KM clinics. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients who visited KM clinics for AR treatment from January 1, 2021, to March 31, 2022. Cases were collated using structured case report forms and divided into the D-HM with KM usual care group (D-HM group) and the KM usual care group (UC group). Since D-HM therapy could not be randomly assigned to the study population, we used optimal propensity score (PS) matching to investigate the effectiveness and safety of D-HM combination therapy in the treatment of AR. Results: Data from 228 patients were collected. After PS matching, 144 patients were finally analyzed. The total nasal symptom score (TNSS) and mini-rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (mini-RQLQ) were significantly improved in the D-HM group compared with those in the UC group (TNSS: p=0.02; mini-RQLQ: p=0.04). Four patients in the D-HM group experienced minor adverse events that were mild and resolved within 15 days. Conclusions: D-HM combination therapy may be beneficial in the management of symptoms and rhinitis-associated quality of life and potentially useful in clinical practice. However, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials are required to confirm their effectiveness. Study registration: This study has been registered at Clinical Research Information Service (KCT0007242).

Atheroma-Relevant 7-Oxysterols Differentially Upregulate Cd14 Expression.

The expression of CD14 in monocytic cells is elevated in atherosclerotic lesions where 7-oxyterols are abundant. However, it remains unknown whether atheroma-relevant 7-oxysterols are involved in receptor expression. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7αOHChol), 7ß-hydroxycholesterol (7ßOHChol), and 7-ketocholesterol (7K) on CD14 levels in THP-1 cells. The three 7-oxysterols increased CD14 transcript levels at a distinct time point, elevated cellular CD14 protein levels, and promoted the release of soluble CD (sCD14) from THP-1 cells. Our data revealed that CD14 expression was most strongly induced after treatment with 7αOHChol. Moreover, 7αOHChol alone upregulated membrane-bound CD14 levels and enhanced responses to lipopolysaccharides, as determined by CCL2 production and monocytic cell migration. The 7-oxysterols also increased the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9, and a cell-permeable, reversible MMP-9 inhibitor, MMP-9 inhibitor I, significantly impaired sCD14 release. These results indicate that 7-oxysterols differentially induce CD14 expression in vascular cells and contribute to the monocytic cell expression of CD14 via overlapping, but distinct, mechanisms.

UBAP2 plays a role in bone homeostasis through the regulation of osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis.

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and reduced bone strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures. Here, to identify novel risk variants for susceptibility to osteoporosis-related traits, an exome-wide association study is performed with 6,485 exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 2,666 women of two Korean study cohorts. The rs2781 SNP in UBAP2 gene is suggestively associated with osteoporosis and BMD with p-values of 6.1 × 10-7 (odds ratio = 1.72) and 1.1 × 10-7 in the case-control and quantitative analyzes, respectively. Knockdown of Ubap2 in mouse cells decreases osteoblastogenesis and increases osteoclastogenesis, and knockdown of ubap2 in zebrafish reveals abnormal bone formation. Ubap2 expression is associated with E-cadherin (Cdh1) and Fra1 (Fosl1) expression in the osteclastogenesis-induced monocytes. UBAP2 mRNA levels are significantly reduced in bone marrow, but increased in peripheral blood, from women with osteoporosis compared to controls. UBAP2 protein level is correlated with the blood plasma level of the representative osteoporosis biomarker osteocalcin. These results suggest that UBAP2 has a critical role in bone homeostasis through the regulation of bone remodeling.

Fermented Lettuce Extract Induces Immune Responses through Polarization of Macrophages into the Pro-Inflammatory M1-Subtype.

It has been reported that lettuce and its bioactive compounds enhance the host immune system by acting as immune modulators. This study aimed to identify the immunological effect of fermented lettuce extract (FLE) on macrophages. To evaluate the efficacy of FLE in enhancing macrophage function, we measured and compared the levels of macrophage activation-related markers in FLE- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment with FLE activated RAW 264.7 macrophages, increased their phagocytic ability, and increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels-similar to LPS. The effects of FLE on M1/M2 macrophage polarization were investigated by determining M1 and M2 macrophage transcript markers in mouse peritoneal macrophages. The FLE-related treatment of peritoneal macrophages enhanced the expression of M1 markers but reduced IL-4 treatment-induced M2 markers. After the generation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), alterations in the levels of M1 and M2 macrophage markers were measured after treatment with FLE. The FLE-related treatment of TAMs increased the expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and also led to the enhanced apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. These findings suggest that FLE may be useful for macrophage-targeted cancer therapy because of its ability to regulate the activation and polarization of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment.

Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Elderly Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of elderly patients with and without RA who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The Korean National Health Insurance Service claims database was used to extract data on 74,623 patients (14,074 with RA and 60,549 without RA) aged ≥ 65 years who were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome and underwent PCI between 2008 and 2019. The primary outcome was survival of elderly patients with and without RA. The secondary outcome was survival in the RA subgroup. During a 10-year follow-up, the all-cause mortality survival rate was lower in patients with RA than that in patients without (53.7% vs. 58.3%, respectively, log-rank: p < 0.001). In the all-cause mortality RA subgroup, patients with elderly-onset RA had poor survival outcomes, whereas patients with young-onset RA had good survival outcomes compared with that in patients without RA (48.1% vs. 73.7% vs. 58.3%, respectively, log-rank: p < 0.001). Elderly patients with RA who underwent PCI had an increased mortality risk, particularly those with elderly rather than young-onset RA.

Photobiomodulation ameliorates inflammatory parameters in fibroblast-like synoviocytes and experimental animal models of rheumatoid arthritis.

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic destructive inflammatory disease that afflicts over one percent of the world's population. Current pharmacological treatments remain relatively ineffective. In this context, photobiomodulation (PBM) is a potential resource for the treatment of RA. This study investigates investigate the anti-arthritic effects and related mechanisms of PBM on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from RA patients and a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods: The RA-FLSs were irradiated with a light emitting diode (LED) at a wavelength of 610 nm for 20 min, and the corresponding power intensities were 5 and 10 mW/cm2. After the LED irradiation, cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion assays were performed. Male DBA/1J mice were used to establish an animal model of CIA. Light stimulation with 10 mW/cm2 was applied to the ankle joints via direct contact with the skin for 40 min, daily for 2 weeks. Results and Discussion: PBM significantly reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced increase in proliferation, migration, and invasion in RA-FLSs, and downregulated the activation of nuclear factor-κappa B (NF-κB) and NLRP3 inflammasome by TNF-α. Moreover, PBM greatly inhibited the induction and development of CIA, resulting in the inhibition of synovial inflammation and cartilage degradation. PBM therapy decreased the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokines. PBM suppressed the translocation of NF-κB and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in the ankle joint. Furthermore, PBM showed a more pronounced anti-arthritic effect when combined with methotrexate (MTX), a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD). The results showed that the effectiveness of MTX + PBM in CIA is superior to that of either MTX or PBM and that both work synergistically. Therefore, PBM with LED may be a potential therapeutic intervention for against RA.

A Case of Diffuse Thyroid Hematoma after Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration.

Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration is an easy, safe, and efficient method of diagnosing thyroid diseases. Recent guidelines and studies have demonstrated that this test has a low incidence of complications; thus, most guidelines do not provide recommendations for post-exam care. However, the risk of serious and fatal bleeding in selected patients with bleeding tendency exists. Although screening tests for coagulation are not always necessary, a thorough assessment of past medical history needs to be made to identify disorders affecting coagulation function and bleeding risk factors, such as the use of antithrombotic drugs. This is a case report of a 70-year-old female patient who continued to take edoxaban and suffered bilateral thyroid hematoma a few hours after ultrasound-guided thyroid fine needle aspiration. The patient successfully recovered after undergoing conservative treatment.

Fabrication of phosphor in glass using waste glass for automotive lighting application.

With advancement of technology, requirements for light-emitting devices are increasing. Various types of packaging technologies have been suggested to improve the performance of light-emitting diode (LED). Among them, phosphor in glass (PiG) is attracting attention due to its manufactural facility and easily tunable characteristics. As PiG draws increasing attention, research on glass materials is also being actively conducted. However, studies about glass in the field of phosphor are mainly conducted on fabrication. Only a few studies about recycling have been reported. Thus, the objective of this study was to recycle waste glass discarded in other fields due to breakage and failure and use it to fabricate phosphor in glass. Cylindrical waste glass was pulverized into powder with an average size of 12 µm, mixed with a phosphor and sintered to be reborn as a phosphor in glass to broaden the recycling route for waste glass.

Fermented Lettuce Extract Containing Nitric Oxide Metabolites Attenuates Inflammatory Parameters in Model Mice and in Human Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) contains various bioactive compounds that can reduce the severity of inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to identify therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of fermented lettuce extract (FLE) containing stable nitric oxide (NO) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (MH7A line) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). DBA/1 mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen and orally administered FLE for 14 days. On day 36, mouse sera and ankle joints were collected for serological and histological analysis, respectively. Consuming FLE inhibited RA development, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine productions, synovial inflammation, and cartilage degradation. The therapeutic effects of FLE in CIA mice were similar to those of methotrexate (MTX), which is typically used to treat RA. In vitro, FLE suppressed the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß)/Smad signaling pathway in MH7A cells. We also demonstrated that FLE inhibited TGF-ß-induced cell migration, suppressed MMP-2/9 expression, inhibited MH7A cell proliferation, and increased the expression of autophagy markers LC3B and p62 in a dose-dependent manner. Our data suggest that FLE could induce autophagosome formations in the early of stages of autophagy while inhibiting their degradation in the later stages. In conclusion, FLE is a potential therapeutic agent for RA.

Clinical outcomes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention: A Korean nationwide cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the short-and long-term prognosis of patients with and without RA who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: The Korean National Health Insurance Service claims database was used to extract data on 236,134 patients (34,493 with RA and 201,641 without RA) who underwent PCI between 2008 and 2019. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or coronary revascularization with short-term (30-day) and long-term outcomes. The secondary outcomes were the individual components of MACE. RESULTS: During a 10-year follow-up, patients with RA showed a shorter median survival time from MACE than their counterparts (with RA: 4.29 years vs. without RA: 6.10 years). RA was significantly associated with an increased risk of MACEs in long-term outcomes (hazard ratio (HR) 1.07, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.06-1.09, p<0.001), but not with short-term outcomes (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.99-1.06, p = 0.222). RA was an independent predictor of an increased risk of all the MACE components. CONCLUSION: In patients who underwent PCI, RA did not increase the risk of short-term cardiovascular outcomes but increased the risk of long-term adverse outcomes.

A Case of Massive Subcutaneous Emphysema and Pneumomediastinum Due to Dehiscence of Stoma After Emergent Tracheostomy.

Tracheostomy is commonly performed on patients who require long-term ventilator support. As with all other airway managements, tracheostomy comes with risks: tracheal scarring, tracheal rupture, pneumothorax, and tracheoesophageal fistula. Although rare, free air leakage into the surrounding tissues of the tracheostomy site and consequent pneumomediastinum can also occur due to various reasons, such as tracheal rupture and mispositioning of the tracheal tube. Such conditions may require treatments including high flow oxygen, ventilator management, and occasionally surgical intervention. In our case of a 61-year-old female, emergent tracheostomy was performed and subsequent complications of massive pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema were treated with negative pressure wound therapy. The follow-up radiograph after negative pressure wound therapy showed resolution of pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema, and there were no additional complications. Negative pressure wound therapy is an effective treatment option for massive pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema after tracheostomy.