Sez-6 proteins affect dendritic arborization patterns and excitability of cortical pyramidal neurons.

Development of appropriate dendritic arbors is crucial for neuronal information transfer. We show, using seizure-related gene 6 (sez-6) null mutant mice, that Sez-6 is required for normal dendritic arborization of cortical neurons. Deep-layer pyramidal neurons in the somatosensory cortex of sez-6 null mice exhibit an excess of short dendrites, and cultured cortical neurons lacking Sez-6 display excessive neurite branching. Overexpression of individual Sez-6 isoforms in knockout neurons reveals opposing actions of membrane-bound and secreted Sez-6 proteins, with membrane-bound Sez-6 exerting an antibranching effect under both basal and depolarizing conditions. Layer V pyramidal neurons in knockout brain slices show reduced excitatory postsynaptic responses and a reduced dendritic spine density, reflected by diminished punctate staining for postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95). In behavioral tests, the sez-6 null mice display specific exploratory, motor, and cognitive deficits. In conclusion, cell-surface protein complexes involving Sez-6 help to sculpt the dendritic arbor, in turn enhancing synaptic connectivity.

Nedd4-WW domain-binding protein 5 (Ndfip1) is associated with neuronal survival after acute cortical brain injury.

Understanding the transcriptional response to neuronal injury after trauma is a necessary prelude to formulation of therapeutic strategies. We used Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) to identify 50,000 sequence tags representing 18,000 expressed genes in the cortex 2 h after traumatic brain injury (TBI). A similar tag library was obtained from sham-operated cortex. The SAGE data were validated on biological replicates using quantitative real-time-PCR on multiple samples at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after TBI. This analysis revealed that the vast majority of genes showed a downward trend in their pattern of expression over 24 h. This was confirmed for a subset of genes using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry on brain sections. Of the overexpressed genes in the trauma library, Nedd4-WW (neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated) domain-binding protein 5 (N4WBP5) (also known as Ndfip1) is strongly expressed in surviving neurons around the site of injury. Overexpression of N4WBP5 in cultured cortical neurons increased the number of surviving neurons after gene transfection and growth factor starvation compared with control transfections. These results identify N4WBP5 as a neuroprotective protein and, based on its known interaction with the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4, would suggest protein ubiquitination as a possible survival strategy in neuronal injury.

Mph2 expression in germinal zones of the mouse brain.

The telencephalon develops from a seemingly homogeneous population of precursor cells that generates neurons with divergent properties and cell fates. An important question concerns the genetic control of cell states belonging to different generations. Mph2 was identified by serial analysis of gene expression as a differentially expressed gene during cortical development. Belonging to the Polycomb group, Mph2 may be involved in transcriptional repression of cell states from one generation to the next. Here, we use in situ hybridization to determine the spatial localization of Mph2 expression in the developing nervous system. Mph2 expression evident in proliferating precursor cell populations in the developing mouse brain such as the ventricular zones of the cortex and ganglionic eminences as well as in mature structures such as the granule cell layer of the adult dentate gyrus and cerebellum indicates a role for Mph2 in both the developing and adult brain.

Localized expression of the seizure-related gene SEZ-6 in developing and adult forebrains.

Despite its initial identification in neurons exposed to the seizure-inducing drug pentylentetrazole (PTZ), the function of the seizure-related gene SEZ-6 remains obscure. Expression analysis indicates specific expression in the adult brain and testis, and the structure of the predicted protein suggests putative roles in cell-cell recognition and signalling. We report here that type I SEZ-6 mRNA is strongly expressed in highly specific regions in the developing forebrain. Specifically, the pattern of SEZ-6 expression is closely tied with the emergence of the neocortical layers and hippocampus, and implies a forebrain-specific role for this gene during development. In the adult hippocampus, SEZ-6 appears to be a CA1-specific regional marker.

Region-specific expression of the helix-loop-helix gene BETA3 in developing and adult brains.

Members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family are crucial regulators of neuronal cell generation and cell fate. A number of bHLH genes are expressed in the developing cerebral cortex, including MASH-1, neurogenin2 and NeuroD implying the existence of a regulatory and possibly redundant network of family members. BETA3 is a novel member originally cloned from pancreatic cells but we report here highly restricted expression patterns in developing forebrain structures that are highly stage-specific. We show that BETA3 mRNA is found in both neocortex and archicortex, mainly in cells that have reached their migratory destinations but is largely absent from proliferative zones. These expression data would suggest that BETA3 function is linked to the establishment rather than the initiation of neuronal fates.