Air pollution and acute kidney injury with comorbid disease: a nationwide case-crossover study in South Korea.

Emerging evidence suggests that air pollution is a significant contributor to the global burden of kidney disease. Although acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common secondary event in ill patients, evidence regarding the association between air pollution and AKI accompanied by specific comorbidities is limited. This study aimed to estimate the association between short-term exposure to air pollution (fine particulate matter ≤2.5 µm [PM2.5] and ozone [O3]) and incident AKI by comorbid diseases using the Korea National Health Information Database (NHID). Total of 160,390 incident AKI cases, defined as an emergency department (ED) visit due to AKI, were observed within the period 2015-2021 in inland South Korea. A time-stratified case-crossover design was applied for PM2.5 and O3 individually, using a conditional logistic regression model within each case and its own control (three or four days of the same day of the week in the same month) to estimate the association between short-term air pollution exposure and ED visits due to AKI. Short-term exposure to PM2.5 and O3 was associated with ED visits due to AKI with ORs of 1.008 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.999, 1.017) and 1.019 (95% CI: 1.005, 1.033) for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in lag 0-1 day PM2.5 and O3 respectively, although OR for PM2.5 was marginally significant. The odds of incident AKI associated with PM2.5 was evident in conjunction with ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, and pneumonia. For O3, the estimated odds was prominent for AKI with ischemic heart disease. In addition, the comorbid disease-specific odds of AKI attributed to air pollution varied by sex and age. Our findings provide epidemiological evidence of a plausible mechanism between air pollution and incident AKI and suggest the need for personalized AKI prevention strategies attributed to air pollution.

Accelerated Conversion of Polysulfides for Ultra Long-Cycle of Li-S Battery at High-Rate over Cooperative Cathode Electrocatalyst of Ni0.261Co0.739S2/N-Doped CNTs.

Despite the very high theoretical energy density, Li-S batteries still need to fundamentally overcome the sluggish redox kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and low sulfur utilization that limit the practical applications. Here, highly active and stable cathode, nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanotubes (NPCTs) decorated with NixCo1-xS2 nanocrystals are systematically synthesized as multi-functional electrocatalytic materials. The nitrogen-doped carbon matrix can contribute to the adsorption of LiPSs on heteroatom active sites with buffering space. Also, both experimental and computation-based theoretical analyses validate the electrocatalytic principles of co-operational facilitated redox reaction dominated by covalent-site-dependent mechanism; the favorable adsorption-interaction and electrocatalytic conversion of LiPSs take place subsequently by weakening sulfur-bond strength on the catalytic NiOh 2+-S-CoOh 2+ backbones via octahedral TM-S (TM = Ni, Co) covalency-relationship, demonstrating that fine tuning of CoOh 2+ sites by NiOh 2+ substitution effectively modulates the binding energies of LiPSs on the NixCo1-xS2@NPCTs surface. Noteworthy, the Ni0.261Co0.739S2@NPCTs catalyst shows great cyclic stability with a capacity of up to 511 mAh g-1 and only 0.055% decay per cycle at 5.0 C during 1000 cycles together with a high areal capacity of 2.20 mAh cm-2 under 4.61 mg cm-2 sulfur loading even after 200 cycles at 0.2 C. This strategy highlights a new perspective for achieving high-energy-density Li-S batteries.

Changes in urine dipstick proteinuria and its relation to the risk of diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy.

BACKGROUND: Proteinuria is considered as a predictor for cardiovascular complications in diabetes mellitus (DM). However, no study has examined the association between changes in proteinuria and the risk of diabetic microvascular complications. METHODS: Study participants were 71,825 DM patients who received urine dipstick test for proteinuria both in 2003-2004 and 2006-2007. They were categorized into four groups according to changes in proteinuria over 3 years (negative: negative → negative, resolved: proteinuria ≥ 1+ → negative, incident: negative → proteinuria ≥ 1+, persistent: proteinuria ≥ 1+ → proteinuria ≥ 1+). Cox-proportional hazard model was used in assessing the adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for incidence of retinopathy, and neuropathy (adjusted HR [95% CI]). RESULT: In all of DM patients, risk for comprehensive incidence of retinopathy and neuropathy increased in all types of proteinuria changes. In type 1 DM, HR for retinopathy and neuropathy generally increased in order of negative (reference), resolved (2.175 [1.150-4.114] and 1.335 [0.909-1.961]), incident (2.088 [1.185-3.680] and 1.753 [1.275-2.409]), and persistent proteinuria (1.314 [0.418-4.134] and 2.098 [1.274-3.455]). This pattern of relationship was similarly observed in type 2 DM for retinopathy and neuropathy: negative (reference), resolved (1.490 [1.082-2.051] and 1.164 [0.988-1.371]), incident (1.570 [1.161-2.123] and 1.291 [1.112-1.500]), and persistent proteinuria (2.309 [1.407-3.788] and 1.272 [0.945-1.712]). CONCLUSION: Risk for diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy generally increased in order of negative, resolved, incident, and persistent proteinuria. Once manifested proteinuria was associated with the increased risk of diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy even after remission of proteinuria.

Psychiatric adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination: a population-based cohort study in Seoul, South Korea.

Evidence has suggested an increased risk of psychiatric manifestations following viral infections including coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). However, psychiatric adverse events (AEs) after COVID-19 vaccination, which were documented in case reports and case series, remain unclear. This study is aimed to investigate the psychiatric AEs after COVID-19 vaccination from a large population-based cohort in Seoul, South Korea. We recruited 50% of the Seoul-resident population randomly selected from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (KNHIS) claims database on 1, January, 2021. The included participants (n = 2,027,353) from the Korean National Health Insurance Service claims database were divided into two groups according to COVID-19 vaccination. The cumulative incidences per 10,000 of psychiatric AEs were assessed on one week, two weeks, one month, and three months after COVID-19 vaccination. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% Confidence interval (CIs) of psychiatric AEs were measured for the vaccinated population. The cumulative incidence of depression, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, and somatoform disorders, sleep disorders, and sexual disorders at three months following COVID-19 vaccination were higher in the vaccination group than no vaccination group. However, schizophrenia and bipolar disorders showed lower cumulative incidence in the vaccination group than in the non-vaccinated group. Depression (HR [95% CI] = 1.683 [1.520-1.863]), anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, and somatoform disorders (HR [95% CI] = 1.439 [1.322-1.568]), and sleep disorders (HR [95% CI] = 1.934 [1.738-2.152]) showed increased risks after COVID-19 vaccination, whereas the risks of schizophrenia (HR [95% CI] = 0.231 [0.164-0.326]) and bipolar disorder (HR [95% CI] = 0.672 [0.470-0.962]). COVID-19 vaccination increased the risks of depression, anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, and somatoform disorders, and sleep disorders while reducing the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Therefore, special cautions are necessary for administering additional COVID-19 vaccinations to populations vulnerable to psychiatric AEs.

Risk Assessment Predicts Most of the Salmonellosis Risk in Raw Chicken Parts is Concentrated in Those Few Products with High Levels of High-Virulence Serotypes of Salmonella.

Salmonella prevalence declined in U.S. raw poultry products since adopting prevalence-based Salmonella performance standards, but human illnesses did not reduce proportionally. We used Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) to evaluate public health risks of raw chicken parts contaminated with different levels of all Salmonella and specific high- and low-virulence serotypes. Lognormal Salmonella level distributions were fitted to 2012 USDA-FSIS Baseline parts survey and 2023 USDA-FSIS HACCP verification sampling data. Three different Dose-Response (DR) approaches included (i) a single DR for all serotypes, (ii) DR that reduces Salmonella Kentucky ST152 virulence, and (iii) multiple serotype-specific DR models. All scenarios found risk concentrated in the few products with high Salmonella levels. Using a single DR model with Baseline data (µ = -3.19, σ = 1.29 Log CFU/g), 68% and 37% of illnesses were attributed to the 0.7% and 0.06% of products with >1 and >10 CFU/g Salmonella, respectively. Using distributions from 2023 HACCP data (µ = -5.53, σ = 2.45), 99.8% and 99.0% of illnesses were attributed to the 1.3% and 0.4% of products with >1 and >10 CFU/g Salmonella, respectively. Scenarios with serotype-specific DR models showed more concentrated risk at higher levels. Baseline data showed 92% and 67% and HACCP data showed >99.99% and 99.96% of illnesses attributed to products with >1 and >10 CFU/g Salmonella, respectively. Regarding serotypes using Baseline or HACCP input data, 0.002% and 0.1% of illnesses were attributed to the 0.2% and 0.4% of products with >1 CFU/g of Kentucky ST152, respectively, while 69% and 83% of illnesses were attributed to the 0.3% and 0.6% of products with >1 CFU/g of Enteritidis, Infantis, or Typhimurium, respectively. Therefore, public health risk in chicken parts is concentrated in finished products with high levels and specifically high levels of high-virulence serotypes. Low-virulence serotypes like Kentucky contribute few human cases.

A potential association between COVID-19 vaccination and development of alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: The challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic extend to concerns about vaccine side effects, particularly potential links to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AIM: This study investigates the association between COVID-19 vaccination and the onset of AD and its prodromal state, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DESIGN: A nationwide, retrospective cohort study leveraging data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service was conducted. METHODS: The study, conducted in Seoul, South Korea, analyzed data from a random 50% sample of city residents aged 65 and above, totaling 558,017 individuals. Participants were divided into vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, with vaccinations including mRNA and cDNA vaccines. The study focused on AD and MCI incidences post-vaccination, identified via ICD-10 codes, using multivariable logistic and Cox regression analyses. Patients with vascular dementia or Parkinson's disease served as controls. RESULTS: Findings showed an increased incidence of MCI and AD in vaccinated individuals, particularly those receiving mRNA vaccines, within three months post-vaccination. The mRNA vaccine group exhibited a significantly higher incidence of AD (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.225; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.025-1.464; p = 0.026) and MCI (OR: 2.377; CI: 1.845-3.064; p < 0.001) compared to the unvaccinated group. No significant relationship was found with vascular dementia or Parkinson's disease. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary evidence suggests a potential link between COVID-19 vaccination, particularly mRNA vaccines, and increased incidences of AD and MCI. This underscores the need for further research to elucidate the relationship between vaccine-induced immune responses and neurodegenerative processes, advocating for continuous monitoring and investigation into the vaccines' long-term neurological impacts.

Crucial Role of Metal Coordination Number in Optimizing Electrocatalyst Activity of Holey Large-Area 2D Ru Nanosheets.

Low-dimensional metal nanostructures have attracted considerable research attention, owing to their potential as catalysts. A controlled reductive phase transition of monolayer RuO2 nanosheets could provide an effective way to produce holey large-area 2D Ru nanosheets with tailored defect structures and metal coordination number. The locally optimized holey Ru metal nanosheet, with a metal coordination number of ∼10.2, exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with a reduced overpotential of 38 mV in a 1 M KOH electrolyte. The creation of a highly anisotropic holey nanosheet morphology with optimization of local structure was quite effective in developing efficient catalyst materials. The universal importance of controlling the coordination number was confirmed through a comparative study of Ru nanoparticles, which showed optimized HER activity with an identical metal coordination number. The coordination number plays a pivotal role in governing electrocatalytic activity, which could be ascribed to the formation of the most active structure for HER at most 2 defects near active sites (2,2'), resulting in the stabilization of a dihydrogen Ru-(H2) intermediate and the increased contribution of Volmer-Tafel mechanism.

Association of Body Composition Changes with the Development of Diabetes Mellitus: A Nation-Wide Population Study.

Background: We investigated the association between body composition changes and new-onset diabetes mellitus (DM) development according to the body mass index (BMI) in a longitudinal setting in the general Korean population. Methods: From 2010 to 2011 (1st) and 2012 to 2013 (2nd), we included 1,607,508 stratified random sample participants without DM from the National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening dataset of Korean. The predicted appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (pASMMI), body fat mass index (pBFMI), and lean body mass index (pLBMI) were calculated using pre-validated anthropometric prediction equations. A prediction equation was constructed by combining age, weight, height, waist circumference, serum creatinine levels, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, and smoking history as variables affecting body composition. Results: Decreased pASMMI (men: hazard ratio [HR], 0.866; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.830 to 0.903; P<0.001; women: HR, 0.748; 95% CI, 0.635 to 0.881; P<0.001), decreased pLBMI (men: HR, 0.931; 95% CI, 0.912 to 0.952; P<0.001; women: HR, 0.906; 95% CI, 0.856 to 0.959; P=0.007), and increased pBFMI (men: HR, 1.073; 95% CI, 1.050 to 1.096; P<0.001; women: HR, 1.114; 95% CI, 1.047 to 1.186; P=0.007) correlated with the development of new-onset DM. Notably, only in the overweight and obese BMI categories, decreases in pASMMI and pLBMI and increases in pBFMI associated with new-onset DM, regardless of gender. Conclusion: Decreased pASMMI and pLBMI, and increased pBFMI with excess fat accumulation may enhance the risk of newonset DM. Therefore, appropriate changes in body composition can help prevent new-onset DM.

Autoimmune adverse event following COVID-19 vaccination in Seoul, South Korea.

BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination can affect the regulation of the immune system, leading to the development of autoimmune diseases. However, the autoimmune adverse events (AEs) after COVID-19 vaccination remain largely unclear. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the autoimmune AEs after COVID-19 vaccination from a population-based cohort in South Korea. METHODS: A total of 4,203,887 participants, representing 50% of the population residing in Seoul, were recruited from the National Health Insurance Service database and then divided into 2 groups on the basis of COVID-19 vaccination. The cumulative incidence, hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% CIs of autoimmune AEs were assessed following COVID-19 vaccination. RESULTS: The incidence of vitiligo has been observed to be significantly higher in the vaccination group compared with the no vaccination group. The cumulative incidence of vitiligo began to show a significant difference starting 2 weeks after vaccination, and it reached 2.2% in the vaccination group and 0.6% in the no vaccination group by 3 months after COVID-19 vaccination. Vitiligo (HR, 2.714; 95% CI, 1.777-4.146) was an increased risk among autoimmune AEs. Furthermore, the risk of vitiligo was the highest for heterologous vaccination (HR, 3.890; 95% CI, 2.303-6.573) compared with using cDNA vaccine (HR, 2.861; 95% CI, 1.838-4.453) or mRNA vaccine (HR, 2.475; 95% CI, 1.607-3.813). CONCLUSIONS: Vitiligo as an autoimmune AE was noted to be substantially higher in the COVID-19-vaccinated group compared with the controls. Therefore, the occurrence of vitiligo could be considered as one of the significant AEs post-COVID-19 vaccination.

Association of decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate with lung cancer risk in the Korean population.

OBJECTIVES: Inconsistent results are available regarding the association between low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and lung cancer risk. We aimed to explore the risk of lung cancer according to eGFR category in the Korean population. METHODS: We included 358,293 adults who underwent health checkups between 2009 and 2010, utilizing data from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. Participants were categorized into 3 groups based on their baseline eGFR, as determined using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation: group 1 (eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2), group 2 (eGFR ≥60 to <90 mL/min/1.73 m2), and group 3 (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Incidences of lung cancer were identified using the corresponding codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were employed to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for lung cancer incidence up to 2019. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, group 2 exhibited a 26% higher risk of developing lung cancer than group 1 (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.35). Furthermore, group 3 demonstrated a 72% elevated risk of lung cancer relative to group 1 (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.58 to 1.89). Among participants with dipstick proteinuria of 2+ or greater, group 3 faced a significantly higher risk of lung cancer than group 1 (HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.37 to 6.24). CONCLUSIONS: Low eGFR was significantly associated with increased lung cancer risk within the Korean population. A particularly robust association was observed in individuals with severe proteinuria, emphasizing the need for further investigation.

Deep Learning-Based Prognostics and Health Management Model for Pilot-Operated Cryogenic Safety Valves.

This paper highlights the significance of safety and reliability in modern industries, particularly in sectors like petroleum and LNG, where safety valves play a critical role in ensuring system safety under extreme conditions. To enhance the reliability of these valves, this study aims to develop a deep learning-based prognostics and health management (PHM) model. Past empirical methods have limitations, driving the need for data-driven prediction models. The proposed model monitors safety valve performance, detects anomalies in real time, and prevents accidents caused by system failures. The research focuses on collecting sensor data, analyzing trends for lifespan prediction and normal operation, and integrating data for anomaly detection. This study compares related research and existing models, presents detailed results, and discusses future research directions. Ultimately, this research contributes to the safe operation and anomaly detection of pilot-operated cryogenic safety valves in industrial settings.

Standard Versus Intensive Blood Pressure Control in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Successfully Treated With Endovascular Thrombectomy: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The optimal blood pressure (BP) control after successful endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with large vessel occlusion (LVO) remains debatable. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluate the efficacy and safety of standard BP control (with systolic BP ≤180 mm Hg) versus intensive BP control (systolic BP <140 mm Hg) during the 24 hours after successful EVT in AIS with LVO. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase were searched to identify relevant trials. The crude odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated and estimates using random-effects models were pooled. This meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023450673). RESULTS: Four RCTs involving 1,559 participants were included. Regarding efficacy outcomes, intensive BP control was associated with a lower likelihood of functional independence (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.51-0.91 for modified Rankin Scale [mRS] ≤2) and walking without assistance (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.53-0.81 for mRS ≤3). For safety outcomes, consistent with the efficacy findings, intensive BP control was significantly associated with severe disability or death (mRS 5 or 6) (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.07-1.69). However, there were no significant differences including all-cause mortality, any intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), symptomatic ICH, parenchymal hematoma type 2, and stroke recurrence. CONCLUSION: While all four RCTs were conducted to demonstrate the superiority of intensive BP control over standard BP control, standard BP control may be beneficial for the outcome after EVT for AIS with LVO without increasing adverse safety outcomes. Caution should be needed with the application of intensive BP control during the 24 hours following successful recanalization after EVT.

Photochemical tuning of dynamic defects for high-performance atomically dispersed catalysts.

Developing active and stable atomically dispersed catalysts is challenging because of weak non-specific interactions between catalytically active metal atoms and supports. Here we demonstrate a general method for synthesizing atomically dispersed catalysts via photochemical defect tuning for controlling oxygen-vacancy dynamics, which can induce specific metal-support interactions. The developed synthesis method offers metal-dynamically stabilized atomic catalysts, and it can be applied to reducible metal oxides, including TiO2, ZnO and CeO2, containing various catalytically active transition metals, including Pt, Ir and Cu. The optimized Pt-DSA/TiO2 shows unprecedentedly high photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity, producing 164 mmol g-1 h-1 with a turnover frequency of 1.27 s-1. Furthermore, it generates 42.2 mmol gsub-1 of hydrogen via a non-recyclable-plastic-photoreforming process, achieving a total conversion of 98%; this offers a promising solution for mitigating plastic waste and simultaneously producing valuable energy sources.

CXCL12 Neutralizing Antibody Promotes Hair Growth in Androgenic Alopecia and Alopecia Areata.

We had previously investigated the expression and functional role of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 (CXCL12) during the hair cycle progression. CXCL12 was highly expressed in stromal cells such as dermal fibroblasts (DFs) and inhibition of CXCL12 increased hair growth. Therefore, we further investigated whether a CXCL12 neutralizing antibody (αCXCL12) is effective for androgenic alopecia (AGA) and alopecia areata (AA) and studied the underlying molecular mechanism for treating these diseases. In the AGA model, CXCL12 is highly expressed in DFs. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of αCXCL12 significantly induced hair growth in AGA mice, and treatment with αCXCL12 attenuated the androgen-induced hair damage in hair organ culture. Androgens increased the secretion of CXCL12 from DFs through the androgen receptor (AR). Secreted CXCL12 from DFs increased the expression of the AR and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) in dermal papilla cells (DPCs), which induced hair loss in AGA. Likewise, CXCL12 expression is increased in AA mice, while s.c. injection of αCXCL12 significantly inhibited hair loss in AA mice and reduced the number of CD8+, MHC-I+, and MHC-II+ cells in the skin. In addition, injection of αCXCL12 also prevented the onset of AA and reduced the number of CD8+ cells. Interferon-γ (IFNγ) treatment increased the secretion of CXCL12 from DFs through the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, and αCXCL12 treatment protected the hair follicle from IFNγ in hair organ culture. Collectively, these results indicate that CXCL12 is involved in the progression of AGA and AA and antibody therapy for CXCL12 is promising for hair loss treatment.

Heterostructure of Fe-Doped CoMoOx/CoMoOx as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a crucial role as a counter half-reaction for both electrochemical hydrogen production through water splitting and the generation of valuable carbon compounds via CO2 reduction. To overcome the sluggish kinetics of the OER, significant efforts have been devoted to developing cost-effective, sustainable, and efficient electrocatalysts, with transition-metal-based catalysts emerging as promising candidates. Herein, we successfully synthesized a core-shell type nanostructure of Fe-doped CoMoOx/CoMoOx (CMFO), which exhibits excellent electrocatalytic properties for OER. The presence of an amorphous layer of Fe-doped CoMoOx with abundant oxygen vacancies, along with the stability of a key OER intermediate, *O, contributes to the enhanced activity of CMFO catalyst compared to pristine CoMoOx (CMO). The optimized catalyst of CMFO-550 achieved much lower overpotential and Tafel slope and also exhibited better remarkable long-term stability for over 90 h compared to CMO-550. These findings highlight the potential of CMFO-550 as a cost-effective and highly efficient electrocatalyst for the OER. The successful development of this core-shell nanostructure opens up a new opportunity for the design and synthesis of advanced electrocatalysts for the OER, with implications for various applications in energy conversion and storage.

Prognostic Factors for Predicting Post-COVID-19 Condition in Patients With COVID-19 in an Outpatient Setting.

BACKGROUND: Although data on post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) conditions are extensive, the prognostic factors affecting symptom duration in non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 are currently not well known. We aimed to investigate the various prognostic factors affecting symptom duration among outpatients with COVID-19. METHODS: Data were analyzed from 257 patients who were diagnosed with mild COVID-19 and visited the 'post-COVID-19 outpatient clinic' between April and December 2022 after a mandatory isolation period. The symptom duration was measured from diagnosis to symptom resolution. Laboratory and pulmonary function test results from their first visit were collected. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 55.7 years, and the median symptom duration was 57 days. The development of post-COVID-19 conditions (> 12 weeks) were significantly correlated with not using antiviral drugs, leukocytosis (white blood cell > 10,000/µL), lower 25(OH)D3 levels, forced vital capacity (FVC) < 90% predicted, and presence of dyspnea and anxiety/depression. Additionally, in multivariable Cox regression analysis, not using antiviral drugs, lower 25(OH)D3 levels, and having dyspnea were poor prognostic factors for longer symptom duration. Particularly, vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/mL) and not using antivirals during the acute phase were independent poor prognostic factors for both post-COVID-19 condition and longer symptom duration. CONCLUSION: The non-use of antivirals, lower 25(OH)D3 levels, leukocytosis, FVC < 90% predicted, and the presence of dyspnea and anxiety/depression symptoms could be useful prognostic factors for predicting post-COVID-19 condition in outpatients with COVID-19. We suggest that the use of antiviral agents during the acute phase and vitamin D supplements might help reduce COVID-19 symptom duration.

Association between long-term PM2.5 exposure and risk of Kawasaki disease in children: A nationwide longitudinal cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Based on previous studies suggesting air pollution as a potential risk factor for Kawasaki Disease (KD), we examined the association of long-term exposure to childhood fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with the risk of KD. METHODS: We used National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort data from 2002 to 2019, which included beneficiaries aged 0 years at enrollment and followed-up until the onset of KD or age 5 years. The onset of KD was defined as the first hospital visit record with a primary diagnostic code of M30.3, based on the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, and with an intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) prescription. We assigned PM2.5 concentrations to 226 districts, based on mean annual predictions from a machine learning-based ensemble prediction model. We performed Cox proportional-hazards modeling with time-varying exposures and confounders. RESULTS: We identified 134,634 individuals aged five or less at enrollment and, of these, 1220 individuals who had a KD onset and an IVIG prescription during study period. The average annual concentration of PM2.5 exposed to the entire cohort was 28.2 µg/m³ (Standard Deviation 2.9). For each 5 µg/m³ increase in annual PM2.5 concentration, the hazard ratio of KD was 1.21 (95% CI 1.05-1.39). CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide, population-based, cohort study, long-term childhood exposure to PM2.5 was associated with an increased incidence of KD in children. The study highlights plausible mechanisms for the association between PM2.5 and KD, but further studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate increase the risk of pancreatic cancer: A nationwide retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Decreased kidney function is a putative risk factor for various cancers. However, few studies have investigated the association between a decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and incident pancreatic cancer. We aimed to investigate the risk of incident pancreatic cancer according to eGFR categories. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we included 359 721 adults who underwent health checkups in 2009 or 2010 by using the Korean National Health Insurance Database. The study population was categorized into four groups by eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2 ) using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation: group 1 (eGFR < 45), group 2 (eGFR ≥ 45 to < 60), group 3 (eGFR ≥ 60 to < 90), and group 4 (eGFR ≥ 90). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the incidence of pancreatic cancer until 2019 by comparing the eGFR groups. RESULTS: During the 3 493 589.05 person-years of follow-up, 1702 pancreatic cancer cases were identified. Compared with group 4 (eGFR ≥ 90), HRs and 95% CIs for the incidence of pancreatic cancer were 1.39 (1.24-1.56) for group 3 (eGFR ≥ 60 to < 90), 1.79 (1.47-2.16) for group 2 (eGFR ≥ 45 to < 60), and 2.05 (1.62-2.60) for group 1 (eGFR < 45) in the multivariate adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased eGFR was significantly associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in Korean population. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between a decreased eGFR and the risk of pancreatic cancer in other ethnic groups.

Association Between Eight Autoimmune Diseases and Thyroid Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Background: It has often been reported that thyroid-specific autoimmune diseases (ADs), such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, could increase the risk of thyroid cancer, but the association between other ADs beyond thyroid and thyroid cancer has not been well investigated. This study aimed to examine the risk of thyroid cancer in patients with eight ADs compared with those without ADs. Methods: This nationwide retrospective matched cohort study was conducted to investigate the relationship of eight ADs (Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, Sjogren's disease, inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], vitiligo, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis [RA]) with the risk of incident thyroid cancer using the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. The Cox-proportional hazard model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and confidence intervals (CI) for thyroid cancer in relation to each of AD compared with control group without AD. Results: During the average follow-up of 9.49 years, 138 thyroid cancer cases were newly developed in control group and 268 cases were occurred in group with 8 ADs. For all of study participants, the risk of thyroid cancer was significantly increased in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HR = 2.10 [1.57-2.81]), Graves' disease (HR = 2.67 [1.99-3.62]), IBD (HR = 2.06 [1.50-2.83]), vitiligo (HR = 1.71 [1.13-2.59]), RA (HR = 1.76 [1.07-2.90]), and total of 8 ADs (HR = 1.97 [1.60-2.42]) compared with control group without ADs. When ADs were divided into three types, thyroid-specific ADs (HR = 2.37 [1.85-3.03]) showed the strongest and significant association with thyroid cancer, followed by local ADs (HR = 1.83 [1.41-2.38]), and systemic ADs (HR = 1.77 [1.14-2.74]). Conclusions: Specific ADs-especially for thyroid-specific AD, vitiligo, IBD, and RA-were associated with increased risk for thyroid cancer.

Clinical Outcomes and Systemic Complications Related to the Severity and Etiology of Status Epilepticus Using a Common Data Model.

BACKGROUND: Status epilepticus (SE) is a critical neurological emergency in patients with neurological and nonneurological diseases. Mortality rises with SE severity. However, whether brain injury or systemic organ dysfunction causes death after SE remains unclear. We studied clinical outcomes and systemic dysfunctions associated with SE using standardized data from the common data model. This model includes clinical evaluations and treatments that provide real-world evidence for standard practice. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used the common data model database of a single tertiary academic medical center. Patients diagnosed with SE (corresponding to G41 of the International Classification of Diseases 10 and administration of antiseizure medication) between January 1, 2001, and January 1, 2018, were enrolled. Demographics, classifications of SE severity, and outcomes were collected as operational definitions by using a common data model format. Systemic complications were defined based on the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment criteria. RESULTS: The electronic medical records of 1,825,196 patients were transformed into a common data model, and 410 patients were enrolled. The proportion of patients classified as having nonrefractory SE was 65.4% (268/410), followed by refractory (28.5%, 117/410) and super-refractory SE (6.1%, 25/410). Patients with more severe SE had longer intensive care unit and hospital stays. Renal dysfunction and thrombocytopenia were higher in the in-hospital death group (P = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively). In multivariable analysis, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and platelet count were significantly different in the in-hospital death group (odds ratio, 1.169, P = 0.004; and 0.989, P = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: Systemic complications after SE, especially low platelet counts, were linked to worse outcomes and increased mortality in a common data model. The common data model offers expandability and comprehensive analysis, making it a potentially valuable tool for SE research.